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1 What was Charles Darwin’s idea about evolution called? A) Competiton B) Natural Selection C) Survival D) Complete Evolution 2 What are the two mandatory steps of speciation? A) Geographic Isolation and Reproductive Isolation B) Adaptive radiation and geographic isolation C) Reproductive isolation and adaptive radiation D) None of the above 3 What is adaptive radiation? A) Differences in isolated groups become so great, they can no longer interbreed B) When a population becomes divided by a natural barrier C) survival of the fittest D) When one species splits into many species to fill open habitats 4 Which of these is a Prokaryote? A) bacteria B) fungi C) protista D) plants 6 What is taxonomy? A) the epithet for the species B) the genus name of the species C) method to name and classify species D) a two-part Latin name 7 Evolution is defined as: A) rapid change B)Change through time C) gradual change D) extreme change 9 Which is not a cause of microevolutionary change? A) genetic drift B) speciation C) mutation D) founder effect 10 When a new species evolves during the recovery period following mass extinction A) Mass extinction B) Background extinction C) Adaptive radiation D) Emergent Species 12 According to Darwin, what made up natural selection? A. Competition B. Variation C. Competition and Variation D. Competition and Instinct 16 Being “fit” means ? A. Being the strongest in the species B. Being the strongest in the population C. Being the fastest and strongest in the species D. Being the fastest and strongest in the population E. Surviving to reproduce 17 Fossils are formed when: A. Sedimentary rock compress against each other with the bones of dead organisms in them B. Dead animals bones are weathered by natural wind processes C. The sun burns away flesh and imprints dead animal bones into rock and sand\ 18 Why do insecticides not work completely? A.Companies purposely make the products weaker so customers have to buy more B.Government regulates their power to protect the environment under the FIFRA C.They target only adults in the insect population so those hatched do not get killed D.The stronger survive and reproduce genetically resistant offspring E.Insecticide has a very short half-life, so it wears off before the job is done a lot of times. 21 A cockroach would be an example of a • A. • B. • C. • D. Fundamental niche species Specialist species Generalist species Realized niche species 22 What is not true about genetic engineering? • A. It is a form of Natural Selection • B. It may use engineered plasmids to choose a specific trait. • C. The genes can be cloned. • D. It may reduce natural biodiversity in the future. 23 How do we get Biodiversity? 24 Evolution, Biodiversity, and Community Processes La Cañada High School Dr. E 25 Biodiversity 26 27 Biodiversity • Biodiversity – increases with speciation – decreases with extinction • Give-and-take between speciation and extinction changes in biodiversity • Extinction creates evolutionary opportunities for adaptive radiation of surviving species 28 Interpretations of Speciation Two theories: 1.Gradualist Model (NeoDarwinian): Slow changes in species overtime 2.Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change 30 Adaptive Radiation Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments Example: Hawaiian Honeycreepers Coevolution • Evolutionary change – One species acts as a selective force on a second species – Inducing adaptations – that act as selective force on the first species Example: 1. Wolf and Moose 2. Acacia ants and Acacia trees 2. Yucca Plants and Yucca moths 3. Lichen 35 Extinction • Extinction of a species occurs when it ceases to exist; may follow environmental change - if the species does not evolve • Evolution and extinction are affected by: – large scale movements of continents – gradual climate changes due to continental drift or orbit changes – rapid climate changes due to catastrophic events 36 37 Extinction • Background extinction - species disappear at a low rate as local conditions change • Mass extinction - catastrophic, widespread events --> abrupt increase in extinction rate • Five mass extinctions in past 500 million years • Adaptive radiation - new species evolve during recovery period following mass extinction 38 http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/9h.html Mass Extinctions Date of the Extinction Event Percent Species Lost 65 mya (million years ago) 85 213 mya 44 Dinosaurs, plants (except ferns and seed bearing plants), marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Most mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and amphibians were unaffected. Marine vertebrates and invertebrates 248 mya 380 mya 450 mya 75-95 70 50 Marine vertebrates and invertebrates Marine invertebrates 39 Marine invertebrates Species Affected Species Diversity Def: the variety of species in an area Two subcomponents: species richness 41 species evenness Species Richness vs. Evenness Species Richness: measurement of the number of species in a given area Species Evenness: measurement of how evenly distributed organisms are among species Community A species species species species species 1 2 3 4 5 25 0 25 25 25 Community B 1 1 1 1 96 42 Determining Species Diversity Scientists may want to: * get an estimate of # of species in an area * compare species diversity of two communities To be accurate, need to: * take both species evenness and species richness into account 43 Species Diversity Indices Shannon-Weiner (Shannon-Weaver) Index Diversity = (p spp 1 - ln(p spp 1)) + (p spp 2 - ln(p spp. 2) + … (p spp N - ln(p spp. N) Simpson Index Diversity = 1 (pspp1)2 + (pspp2)2 + … (psppN)2 44 Why should we care about measuring biodiversity (species diversity)? 45 Biodiversity Factoids ~ 2,000,000 spp. have been described ~ 10-30,000,000 species actually exist (est.) ~ 8,000,000 – 22,000,000 spp. unidentified ~ 40 – 60% of all spp. occur in two areas: * tropical rainforests * coral reefs 46 Comparison of Two Communities • Richness (number of species) • Relative abundance • How do we describe these differences? 47 Biogeographical Changes • Richness declines from equator to pole • Due to: –Evolutionary history –Climate 48 Fig 53.23 Bird species numbers Geographic (Sample) Size • Species-area curve • The larger the geographic area, the greater the number of species Fig. 23.25 North American Birds 49 Community Relationships 62 Niche is the species’ occupation and its Habitat location of species (its address) 63 Niche A species’ functional role in its ecosystem; includes anything affecting species survival and reproduction 1. Range of tolerance for various physical and chemical conditions 2. Types of resources used 3. Interactions with living and nonliving components of ecosystems 4. Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling 64 Niche Fundamental niche: set of conditions under which a species might exist in the absence of interactions with other species Realized niche: more restricted set of conditions under which the species actually exists due to interactions with other species 65 Types of Species • Generalist –large niches –tolerate wide range of environmental variations –do better during changing environmental conditions • Specialist –narrow niches – more likely to become endangered – do better under consistent environmental conditions 66 Types of Species • Native species normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem • Nonnative species are introduced - can be called exotic or alien • Indicator species serve as early warnings of danger to ecosystem- birds & amphibians • Keystone species are considered of most importance in maintaining their ecosystem 68 Nonnative Species • Nonnative plant species are invading the nation's parks at an alarming rate, displacing native vegetation and threatening the wildlife that depend on them • At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much as 23 percent of the ground is covered with alien species, and the rate of expansion is increasing dramatically. 69 Indicator Species • a species whose status provides information on the overall condition of the ecosystem and of other species in that ecosystem • reflect the quality and changes in environmental conditions as well as aspects of community composition 70 Keystone Species • A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch that supports the other stones and keeps the whole arch from falling – a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in the ecosystem depends. • If a keystone species is removed from a system – the species it supported will also disappear – other dependent species will also disappear • Examples – top carnivores that keep prey in check – large herbivores that shape the habitat in which other species live – important plants that support particular insect species that are prey for birds – bats that disperse the seeds of plants 71 Species Interaction 72 Competition 73 Resource Competition 74 Competition Any interaction between two or more species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or distribution of one of the species Resource competition or interspecific competition 75 Competitive Exclusion 78 79 Competition 81 PREDATION 82 Predator Adaptations • Prey detection and recognition –sensory adaptations –distinguish prey from non-prey 83 84 85 86 Predator Adaptations • Prey detection and recognition –sensory adaptations –distinguish prey from non-prey • Prey capture –passive vs. active –individuals vs. cooperative 87 88 89 90 91 92 Predator Adaptations • Prey detection and recognition –sensory adaptations –distinguish prey from non-prey • Prey capture –passive vs. active –individuals vs. cooperative • Eating prey –teeth, claws etc. 93 94 95 96 97 Prey Adaptations • Avoid detection – camouflage, mimics, – diurnal/nocturnal 98 99 100 101 102 Prey Adaptations • Avoid detection – camouflage, mimics, – diurnal/nocturnal • Avoid capture – flee – resist – escape 103 104 105 106 Prey Adaptations • Avoid detection – camouflage, mimics, – diurnal/nocturnal • Avoid capture – flee – resist – escape • Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten) – struggle? – protection, toxins 107 108 109 Herbivory Herbivore needs to find most nutritious –circumvent plant defenses Herbivory strong selective pressure on plants –structural adaptations for defense –chemical adaptations for defense 110 111 Herbivory 112 Herbivory 113 Herbivory 114 Symbiosis: Mutualists, Commensalists and Parasites 115 SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM, MUTUALISM, AND COMMENSALIM • Parasitism occurs when one species feeds on part of another organism. • In mutualism, two species interact in a way that benefits both. • Commensalism is an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other species. 116 • Symbiosis and symbiotic relationship are two commonly misused terms • Translation of symbiosis from the Greek literally means “living together” • Both positive and negative interactions 117 Mutualism DEFINITION: An interaction between two individuals of different species that benefits both partners in this interaction 118 Mutualism • Increase birth rates • Decrease death rates • Increase equilibrium population densities, Raise the carrying capacity 119 Pollination • Animals visit flowers to collect nectar and incidentally carry pollen from one flower to another • Animals get food and the plant get a pollination service 120 Yucca and Yucca Moth • Yucca’s only pollinator is the yucca moth. Hence entirely dependent on it for dispersal. • Yucca moth caterpillar’s only food is yucca seeds. • Yucca moth lives in yucca and receives shelter from plant. 121 Lichen (Fungi-Algae) • Symbiotic relationship of algae and fungae…results in very different growth formas with and without symbiont. • What are the benefits to the fungus? 122 Nitrogen Fixation Darkest areas are nuclei, the midtone areas are millions of bacteria Gram -, ciliate 123 Commensalists • Benefit from the host at almost no cost to the host • Eyelash mite and humans • Us and starlings or house sparrows • Sharks and remora 124 Parasitic wasps • Important parasites of larvae. • In terms of biological control, how would this differ from predation? ovipositor 126 Ecological Processes 127 Ecological Succession Primary and Secondary Succession gradual & fairly predictable change in species composition with time •some species colonize & become more abundant; •other species decline or even disappear. 128 Ecological Succession Gradual changing environment in favor of new / different species / communities 129 130 Primary Succession Glacier Retreat 131 132 133 Disturbance Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community; • Natural disturbance •tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, & floods • Human–caused disturbance •deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing, pollution,mining • Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary succession 134 Which law directed the Secretary of the Interior to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more acres and every roadless island within National Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems? A. Endangered Species Act B. Wilderness Act C. Lacey Act D. National Park Act E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 137 What are keystone species? A. existing in such small numbers that it is in danger of becoming extinct B. introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance C. likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range D. serve as early warnings of damage to a community E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system 138 Who did Roosevelt appoint to head the newly created US Forest Service to protect and manage the world’s forests? A. E.O. Wilson B. Aldo Leopold C. Robert MacArthur D. Stephen Mather E. Gifford Pinchot 139 Mutualism benefits: A) one of the organisms & hurts the other B) neither of the organisms C) both of the organisms D) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the other E) only one of the organisms 140 Commensalism: A) benefits only one of the organisms B) benefits both organisms C) benefits one, doesn’t harm the other D) benefits neither of the organisms 141 Biodiversity: A) decreases with speciation and extinction B) decreases with speciation and increases with extinction C) increases with speciation and extinction D) increases with speciation and decreases with extinction 142 What is not a pre-zygotic barriers? A) behavioral isolation B) habitat isolation C) mechanical isolation D) hybrid isolation 143 Which of the following does species richness not depend on? A) rate of immigration B) island size C) distance from mainland D) types of species 144 Which is a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in the ecosystem depends? A) r-strategists B) k-strategists C) nonnative D) keystone 145 What is not characteristic of a k-strategists? A) long life B) bigger bodies C) produce a lot of offspring D) produce late in life 146 What is not a predator adaptation? A) prey detection B) prey capture C) eating prey D) avoid detection E) mass numbers 147 Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 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