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A Transactional Environmental
Support System for Europe:
Who, Why, What, How?
Robert Kenward, TESS Science Supervisor
Funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n̊ 212304
ENV.2007.4.2.1.1. Methodologies for scaling down to regional & local level the
analysis of policy impacts on multifunctional land uses & economic activity
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Who? 14 partners/10 countries
1
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) Coordination
2
Bournemouth University (United Kingdom)
3
NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (United Kingdom)
4
Anatrack Ltd (United Kingdom)
5
Ordenamento e Gestão de Recursos Naturais (Portugal)
6
Tero Ltd (Greece)
7
European Sustainable Use Specialist Group of IUCN (Belgium)
8
Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU
9
Pro-Biodiversity Service (Poland)
10 Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora (Slovenia)
11 Szent Istvan University (Hungary)
12 Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia)
13 Danube Delta National Institute for R&D (Romania)
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
14 WWF Turkey (Turkey)
2004: Millennium Assessment
Ecosystem Services from Land Use
Supporting
Regulating
Primarily public goods,
regulated and public funded.
Biodiversity needed?
Provisioning Extensively private goods; but
Cultural
livestock & intensive crops
have impacts on biodiversity.
Science, Education, Recreation;
can all benefit from biodiversity
& provide incentives to restore
BUT HOW CAN THIS HAPPEN?
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Europe will not halt loss of
biodiversity by 2010. WHY?
Understanding of causes is growing.
For 30 declining bird species in UK, Prof. Ian
Newton (2004, Ibis 146:579-600) identifies:
(i) weed control, (ii) early ploughing, (iii) grassland
management, (iv) intensified stocking, (v)
hedgerow loss & (vi) predation.
All can be addressed, in many cases by deintensification measures that have low cost
BUT: Outside protected areas, HOW TO PAY?
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Convention on Biological Diversity
Defines Sustainable Use: of components of
biodiversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead
to the long term decline of biological diversity,
thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs
and aspirations of present and future generations.
Sustainable Use in 13/19 substantive articles, e.g.
Article 10: Protect & encourage customary use of
biological resources in accordance with traditional
cultural practices that are compatible with
conservation or sustainable use requirements.
Article 11: Adopt economically and socially sound
measures that act as incentives for conservation and
sustainable use of components of biological
diversity.
(BUT: is this worth anything…?)
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Governance & Ecosystem Management for
Conservation of Biodiversity (GEMCONBIO)
Pan-European Survey: Use of Wild Resources
Recreational fishing (European Anglers Alliance)
Bird-watching (Birdlife Partners)
Collecting fungi (European Council Cons. Fungi)
Collecting wild plant materials (Plantlife)
Hunting Game-Birds (e.g. grouse, ducks)
Hunting Ungulates (e.g. deer, boar) (FACE)
27 country coordinators, 19 languages
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Participation and annual
spending
Proportion of Participants Annual
EU population grossed up
spend
surveyed
millions
€ billions
Hunting
96-100%
6.6
16
Angling
64-94%
23
19
Collecting: Fungi
42%
[45]1
Plant Products
7%
[135]1
Bird-Watching
81%
6.2
{8}2
1,2unreliable due to [low survey%]{few spend data}
Annual spend in EU on Hunting, Angling and
Bird-watching is likely to be at least €40 Billion.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
SPEND: Hunting
Angling
Watching
(private)
in 2006
in the EU
€16
billion
€19
billion
€8
billion
GEMCONBIO survey of hunting, angling, watching:
34 million adults (7% population) spend >€40 billion.
• In 2006, equivalent US spending was $120 billion
• €40 billion is about €200 for each cultivated EU ha
• CAP budget is €57 a year, 44% agri-environment
• It costs €6 billion to run Natura 2000 (17% of EU)
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Now: land-use not fully sustainable,
wild resource use not contributing
fully to incentive-based conservation
The TESS vision
Total Land Area
(not all used sustainably)
Partially
Sustainable Land Use
(inc. Agri/Silvi/Pisciculture)
Incentive Based
Conservation
(public + private funds)
e.g.
agri- OF
Conservation
CIRCLE
through
Use
SUSTAINABILITY
enviroment
Fully
Sustainable Land Use
by regulation & incentive
Incentive Based
Conservation
Conservation
through Use
of Wild Living
Resources
and..
Use of Wildlife
The Vision: land-use fully sustainable,
Resources:
some adverse
value of biodiversity contributing
Convention on Biological Diversity
Mechanism
impact– Clearing House
fully
to conservation
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
BUT Conservation through Use of
Biodiversity is COMPLEX!
Protection (sticks)
Incentives (carrots)
• Laws for Species
• State subsidy
• Habitat Reserves
• Conserve-by-use
• Educational
• Culture-friendly
• everywhere?
• Complex
• 12% of land (EU 20%)
• Simple (polarising)
Conserving=Protecting BARELY STARTED!
How to implement conservation through use?
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
(perhaps not TOO complex)
If income from use of land in euros/hectare is
I from Intensive production, but
C from Conservative cropping enables
U from sustainable Use of wild resources
(e.g. from fees for access, parking, licences,
subscriptions, taxes on equipment and tourism)
Then suitable management can give C+U≥I ,
especially if leveraged by agri-environment
payments, such that
C+U+S»I
(NB: EU Common Agriculture gave
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
C+U«I+S)
Bringing 2 threads together
2002 Report for Council of Europe in Kiev high
level conference proposes integrating complex
knowledge for livelihoods & biodiversity.
2003 Technology Transfer review in CEH finds 40
potential software contributions for DESIRE
(Decision Support in Rural Economies).
2004 FP6 bid: Governance and Ecosystem
Management for Conservation of Biodiversity
(www.gemconbio.eu) (highest mark in round)
2007 DESIRE concept revised as successful bid
Transactional Environmental Support System
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
7th Framework Programme
Theme 6: Environment (Including Climate Change).
ENV.2007.4.2.1.1. Methodologies for scaling down to
the regional and local level the analysis of policy
impacts on multifunctional land uses and economic
activity
Strategic Objective: To design a decision support
system related to environment and land use that will
enable policy makers to integrate knowledge from
the regional and local level into the decision making
process, while also encouraging local people to
maintain & restore biodiversity & ecosystem services.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Why? (TESS objectives)
Europe is losing biodiversity and ability to
provide ecosystem services. Formal
Assessment processes (Environmental
Impact Assessment, Strategic Environment
Assessment) give some protection. However,
individual local stakeholders who manage
land and species also make daily informal
decisions, within an envelope of regulations
and fiscal incentives but based mainly on
local environments. The myriad small
decisions summate to change land use.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Which affects more land?
Formal, top-down EIA regulated activities (e.g.
extracting minerals, building roads, building)?
Informal, local changing cultivation patterns (e.g.
crop type, extent, spraying, harvest timing)?
Who decides in each case? Government?
Organisations? Individual land managers?
• Who has most local knowledge?
• Whose decisions have most potential for land
diversity, hence biodiversity?
• Who had most ability to map in detail?
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
GANTT-like TESS work-packages
0
WP2
WP3
M
O
N
T
H
Central
Local
Survey
design
Survey
design
Workshop
& report
Workshop
& report
12
NOW
M
O
N
T
H
24
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
30
Number of Decisions
Who makes local decisions?
3.l. Approximately how
many management
decisions, on average, do
you (or people you
represent) make annually
that affect the
environment in any way?
Council Council Farming Forestry Angling Hunting Reserve Access
level 1 level 2
managing activities
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
in terms of area managed,
decisions are mainly made
informally by individual
stakeholders
Council Council Farming Forestry Angling Hunting Reserve Access
level
1 level
2 – Clearing House Mechanism
managing activities
Convention on
Biological
Diversity
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Different needs for formal and
informal decision-making
Improving formal environmental assessment &
decisions (analysis of EIA & SEA practises best
for biodiversity & ecosystem services), including
feedback for adaptive governance.
Innovating a system for guidance and nudgepotential1 of the much more frequent and
pervasive informal decisions on what to grow,
when to mow, etc.
1Thaler, R.H. & Sunstein, C.R. 2008. Nudge –
Improving decisions about health, wealth &
happiness. Penguin.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
What? (TESS abstract)
We seek to complement formal assessment with an
internet-based Transactional Environmental
Support System that:
(a) collates all ways to leverage biodiversity
enhancement, uses models to predict economic &
biodiversity impacts of small-scale actions, and
delivers context-adaptive decision support, so that
local people can optimise incomes from ecosystem
services, in exchange for
(b) information on their decisions, and monitored
results, which integrate to support decisions of
central assessors for adaptive governance
Convention
on Biological Diversity
– Clearing House
Mechanism
(regulations
&
fiscal
incentives).
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
How? An exchange between local
stakeholders & central policymakers
Decision support for managers of land and species:
Councils, Farmers, Foresters, Reserve managers,
Anglers, Hunters, Access Interests
1.
What does central policy and planning have?
Capability to produce complex knowledge.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
e.g. Environmental Information
System for Planners
A prototype demonstrator that provided
Complex Knowledge to help planners apply
environment data and understanding in the
planning process.
Land stability Subsidence
Pollution
Flood Hazard
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Biodiversity
Origin: BGS, CEH and Nottingham University
Some capabilities
Landfill-domestic waste
Glacial Till
Fireclay Coal
Shaft
Flooding
Managing Waste
No. of species
Specialists
UNDERMINING
Typical annual deposition
of sulphur from a power station.
Exposed coalfield.
Areas of potential
subsidence over
undocumented workings.
Possible minor
subsidence relating to
modern deep mining.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Subsidence
15
Generalists
Sites ON corridor
10
5
0
Biodiversity
No. of species
20
15
Sites OFF corridor
10
5
R
ur
al
-S
Su
bu
rb
-S
0
Pollution
U
rb
an
Su
bu
rb
-E
R
ur
al
-E
Exposed coalfield.
Risk of subsidence
over former workings.
20
How? An exchange between local
stakeholders & central policymakers
Decision support for managers of land and species:
Councils, Farmers, Foresters, Reserve managers,
Anglers, Hunters, Access Interests
1.
What does central policy and planning have?
Capability to produce complex knowledge.
2. What does central policy and planning need?
Local knowledge and local actions.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Remote mapping (CEH Landcover 1990) is marvellous,
but scale restricts detail,
so is best in combination with
local mapping (eg. farm plans,
civic groups) and species
Ground-based for detail,
monitoring
(e.g.
by
wildlife
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
(by Swedish hunters, 1985)
European Environment
Agency meeting,&
11-12
October 2009, Copenhagen
watchers,
hunters
anglers).
1km
How? An exchange between local
stakeholders & central policymakers
Decision support for managers of land and species:
Councils, Farmers, Foresters, Reserve managers,
Anglers, Hunters, Access Interests
1.
What does central policy and planning have?
Capability to produce complex knowledge.
2. What does central policy and planning need?
Local knowledge and local actions.
3. What do local managers of land & species have?
Local knowledge & capabilities (skill, cash, time).
4.
What do local managers of land & species need?
Complex knowledge to guide their actions.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Exchanging decision-support for
local knowledge and actions
SCALE
CONTEXT / QUESTION
OPERATION MODE
Field
! BEEP !
individual
HARRIER NEST AHEAD
Divert harvester for 20 meters
Map on communication
device with GPS-autolocation capability.
If I use my land like this in future,
what happens to my income, game
bags and nitrate run-offs?
Auto-guides on farm plan:
optimizing game, fishing
and farm income.
How do we route this path to
optimise views while minimising
erosion and wildlife disturbance?
Headland mapping GIS:
walking (pay-parking),
horse-riding (licence).
Farm
individual
Parish
community
Higher If trends in land-use continue for 20 Scenario: model subsidy
years, how can we still meet
payments for leveraging
governbiodiversity targets?
sustainable use activities.
menton Biologicalplanned
Convention
Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
How? (TESS abstract)
A Transactional Environmental Support System,
for aiding wise local actions centrally, could help
recreational activities leverage de-intensification
with enhanced income & stakeholder cohesion.
Requirements of Convention on Biological
Diversity, for local empowerment and
enlightenment, would be met by better
monitoring and adaptive management but also
continuous formal bio-socio-economic
assessment from emergent indicators.
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
GANTT-like TESS work-packages
0
WP2
WP3
M
O
N
T
H
Central
Local
12
NOW
M
O
N
T
H
24
Survey
design
Workshop
& report
WP5
Cases
Pan-Euro
local &
central
survey
Survey
design
Workshop
& report
Local
mapping &
projects &
report
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
30
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Importance of Adaptive Management
Resource use was most sustainable where frequent
monitoring enabled strongly adaptive management
High
Sustainability
of natural
resources
Low
Weakly adaptive
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Strongly adaptive
Application of adaptive management in each case
GANTT-like TESS work-packages
0
WP2
WP3
M
O
N
T
H
Central
Local
12
NOW
M
O
N
T
H
24
Survey
design
Workshop
& report
WP5
Cases
Pan-Euro
local &
central
survey
Survey
design
Workshop
& report
Local
mapping &
projects &
report
Brussels
Convention
on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
30 Conference
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
WP4
Models
WP6
Policy +
Internet
Survey,
analysis,
policy
document
TESS
internet
design &
report
Audit of
models
Database
complete,
reported
Gap
analysis
SUMMARY
www.tess-project.eu
o
Planning since 2002
o
Local, where impacts are mostly unregulated
o
Integrating research for modelling rapidly
o
Exchanging maps for decision support
o
Livelihoods as well as environment (win-win)
o
Social participation and adaptive governance
o
Self-funding long-term through adding value
o
Car analogy, links to SEIS, CMH
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
CONCLUSIONS
• Europe is losing ability to provide ecosystem
services based on wild biodiversity.
• Regulations give some protection but not for
most of the myriad decisions of individuals that
change land use outside strictly protected areas.
• TESS aims to collate & automate local delivery
of all ways to leverage biodiversity enhancement,
to (i) predict impacts of small-scale actions on
incomes & biodiversity, (ii) support decisions &
monitor results so that (iii) central assessors can
adapt governance (regulatory & fiscal incentives).
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
Thank you
for listening
Convention on Biological Diversity – Clearing House Mechanism
European Environment Agency meeting, 11-12 October 2009, Copenhagen
www.tess-project.eu