Download Chapter 17 - Biological Communities

Ch. 17 : Biological
Communities
Predation – Plant Defenses
• Predator/Pr
ey
• **Predation: Act of one organism
killing another for food
• Difficult for plants to escape from,
avoid or fight off predators
• Think – Pair – Share
• How do plants defend against
predators?
• Use thorns, spines, prickles
• Use defense chemicals
Predation – Invasive
Species
• Predator/Pr
ey
• **Invasive Species: Non-native
plants or animals introduced to an
ecosystem and causes it to
become unstable
• Ex: Water Chestnuts – in our
area – Audubon Center – clogs
waterways
• Ex: Purple Loosestrife
How Organisms Interact in
Communities
• Coevolutio
n
• Some interactions among species
are the result of a long
evolutionary history, where many
of the participants adjust to one
another over time
• Coevolution: evolutionary
adjustments between organisms of
an ecosystem
Symbiotic Relationships
• Symbiosis
• Last year we discussed the
following:
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
Biological Communities
• 1.
Parasitism
• One organism lives in or on
another
• One benefits, host is harmed
• Why would it not benefit the
parasite to kill the host?
• Ex: lice, ticks, mosquitoes,
leeches, bed bugs,
tapeworm…
Biological Communities
• 2.
Mutualism
• Both species benefit
Ex: Bumblebee’s and Flowers
-Grouper and Cleaner Gobies
Biological Communities
• 3.
Commensalis
m
• One species benefits, other is
unharmed
Ex: -Barnacles and Whales
-Clownfish and Sea Anemone
Symbiosis Websites
•
•
Bed bugs - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/bugsanimals/other-bugs/bedbugs/
Round Worm - http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/monsters-insideme/videos/parasites-nest-in-brain.htm
Ch. 17 : Biological
Communities
Weekly Due Tomorrow!
Biological Communities
• Predator/Pr
ey
• **Predation: Act of one organism
killing another for food
• Think – Pair – Share
• Give an example of a
predator/prey relationship
How Competition Shapes
Communities
• Competition
• Species that use the same
resources are sure to compete with
each other
• If 2 species are competing, the
species that uses the resource
more efficiently will eventually
eliminate the other
• Competitive exclusion - the
elimination of a competing species
How Competition Shapes
Communities
• Competition
• Competition occurs for resources in
short supply
• Think – Pair – Share
• Which types of resources would
organisms most likely be competing
for?
• Ex: food, nesting sites, living space,
light, mineral nutrients, & water
How Competition Shapes
Communities
• Niche
• **Niche: The functional role of a
particular species in an ecosystem
• A niche is how an organism lives;
the “job” it performs within the
ecosystem
• A habitat is a location (where it
lives); a niche is a pattern of living
• Overlapping niches = competition
• Space utilization
• Food consumption
• Mating factors
Niche
Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
• Fundamental
Niche
• **Fundamental Niche: Entire
range of resource opportunities an
organism can potentially occupy
• **Realized Niche: Part of a
fundamental niche that a
species occupies
• Realized Niche
• May only occupy a part because
it divides up resources with
potential competitors
Realized Niche
• Cape May Warblers can feed on insects all over a Spruce Tree,
but they stay mainly at the top.
• Remaining portions of the Spruce are divided among its potential
competitors
Coexistence of Competitors
• Coexistence of
Competitors
• If the niches of two potentially
competitive species don’t overlap
too much, coexistence can occur
• They have different realized niches
How Competition Shapes
Communities
• Predation
• Predation reduces
competition and increases
biodiversity
• Ex: Sea Stars & Mussels
• Biodiversity- variety of living
organisms in a community
• Increased biodiversity leads to
greater productivity and
greater stability
Increased
biodiversity leads
to greater
productivity and
greater stability
Major Biological Communities
• Climate
• The climate of any physical
environment determines what
organisms live there
• Ex: Drought – tolerant
cactuses in the deserts of
Arizona aren’t found in the
wetlands of Florida…why?
• Climate - refers to the
weather conditions in any
given area
Temperature & Moisture
• Elements of Climate:
• Temperature: Most organisms
are adapted to live within a
particular range of
temperature, & will not thrive if
temps are warmer or colder
• Moisture: Water is sometimes
scarce on land, so patterns of
rainfall determine an area’s lifeforms
Major Biological Communities
• Biome: Major biological community
occurring over a large area of land
•
•
•
•
Soil Type
Wind
Temperature
Precipitation
Major Biological Communities
• The 7 most widely occurring biomes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tropical rain forest
Savanna
Taiga
Tundra
Desert
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest (deciduous & evergreen)
Major Biological Communities
• Tropical
Rainforest
•
•
•
•
Great amount of rainfall
High biodiversity
High primary productivity
Poor soil
Major Biological Communities
• Savannas
•
•
•
•
Dry grasslands
Low precipitation
Seasonal drought
Open landscape, few trees
Major Biological Communities
• Taiga
•
•
•
•
Long, cold winters
Coniferous trees
Large mammals
Covers vast areas
Major Biological Communities
• Tundra
•
•
•
•
Covers 1/5 of Earth’s land
Low precipitation
Frozen water
Permafrost ground
Major Biological Communities
• Desert
• Low precipitation
• Sparse vegetation
• Interiors of continents
Major Biological Communities
• Temperate • Rich, prairie grass
Grasslands • Interior of North America
• Highly productive
agriculture
• Deep, fertile soil
Major Biological Communities
• Temperate • Mild climate (warm
summers, cold winters)
Deciduous
• Plentiful rain
Forest
• Leaf-shedding trees
• Eastern U.S.
Major Biological Communities
• Temperate
Evergreen
Forest
• Quite dry
• Evergreen growth (pines)
Major Biological Communities
• Freshwater • Lakes, ponds, rivers,
streams
• 2% of Earth’s surface
• Zones
– Littoral- shallow, shore water
– Limnetic- farther from shore,
near surface
– Profundal- deep water, low
light
Major Biological Communities
• Wetlands
•
•
•
•
Marshes, Bogs, Swamps
Water-tolerant plants
High biodiversity
Endangered by human
disruption
Major Biological Communities
• Shallow
Ocean
•
•
•
•
•
Small area
Large numbers of species
Intertidal zone
Coral reefs
Home to great fisheries
Major Biological Communities
• Surface of
Open
Ocean
• Plankton drift freely in
upper sea waters
– Those that are photosynthetic
= 40% of world’s oxygen
• Rich with bacteria, algae,
fish larva, small
invertebrates
Major Biological Communities
• Deep
Ocean
•
•
•
•
Total darkness
Cold
Great pressure
Bizzare invertebrates and
fish
• High diversity
Assessment
• Describe the relationship between climate and
location of species
• Compare the tolerance to lack of water needed by
plants and animals in savannas and tropical rain
forests.
• Why can’t photosynthesis occur in the deepest
parts of the ocean or in a deep lake?
• The equator passes across the country of
Ecuador. But the climate there can range from
hot and humin to cool and dry. What might
explain this?
• In which biome would you most likely find plants
that are adapted to infertile soils and fairly