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What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale 1 What is Ecology?? • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. • It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. copyright cmassengale 2 Organisms and Their Environments Species interact with both other species and their nonliving environment. Interdependence is a theme in ecology—one change can affect all species in an ecosystem. copyright cmassengale 3 Habitat & Niche • Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives • Niche is an organism’s total way of life copyright cmassengale 4 Levels of Organization • Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. copyright cmassengale 5 Levels of Organization copyright cmassengale 6 1st Level of Organization • Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops copyright cmassengale 7 2nd Level of Organization • Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale 8 3rd Level of Organization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale 9 4th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the nonliving components of that area. copyright cmassengale 10 Ecosystems can be terrestrial or aquatic… Lake Prairie Stream Forest Wetland 5th Level of Organization • Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. • Extends from about 8km above the Earth’s surface to as far as 8km below the ocean! copyright cmassengale 12 Components of an Ecosystem Both living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors influence organisms and their ecosystems. copyright cmassengale 13 The Nonliving Environment • Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. • Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. copyright cmassengale 14 The Living Environment • Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. copyright cmassengale 15 Abiotic or Biotic? copyright cmassengale Biotic 16 Abiotic or Biotic? copyright cmassengale Abiotic 17 Abiotic or Biotic? copyright cmassengale Abiotic 18 Abiotic or Biotic? copyright cmassengale Biotic 19 What level of organization? Organism copyright cmassengale 20 What level of Organization? copyright cmassengale Ecosystem 21 What level of Organization? copyright cmassengale Population 22 What Does it Mean to Succeed??? Ecological Succession is the process by which an existing ecosystem is gradually replaced by another ecosystem Ecological Succession of a Pond Community Begins as a thriving pond community…. Ecological Succession of a Pond Community The pond begins to fill with organic matter like leaves, and silt, a fine soil….. Ecological Succession of a Pond Community Over a period of time, the pond fills and becomes a marsh….. Ecological Succession of a Pond Community Eventually the marsh becomes dry land inhabited by a stable community called a climax community Succession often leads to a fairly stable collection of organisms There are 2 types of succession that occur in nature….. Primary Succession & Secondary Succession •Occurs in places where no living community existed before (ie. On a newly formed volcanic island) • Occurs in areas where natural disasters or human activities have wiped out a living community Organisms in an Ecosystem Autotrophs -Also called producers -Photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun -Most numerous organisms in an ecosystem! copyright cmassengale 33 Organisms in an Ecosystem Heterotrophs -Also called consumers -Obtain energy by eating other organisms Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores copyright cmassengale Detrivores Decomposers 34 Food Chains A single pathway of energy transfer is a food chain copyright cmassengale 35 Food Webs A network showing all paths of energy transfer is a food web copyright cmassengale 36 Trophic Relationships Quaternary Consumer Producer Primary Consumer (Herbivore) copyright cmassengale Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer 37 Rule of 10 Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. Example: -It takes 100 kgs of plant materials (producers) to support 10 kgs of herbivores -It takes 10 kgs of herbivores to support 1 kg of 1st level predators copyright cmassengale 38 Energy Flow Ecosystems contain only a few trophic levels because there is a low rate of energy transfer between each level. 1.5 kJ Energy 15 kJ Energy 150 kJ Energy copyright cmassengale 1500 kJ Energy 39