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Transcript
Living Things in Ecosystems Chapter 2 “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” 2.1 Ecosystems • Include all the different organisms living in a certain area along with their physical environment • Things move from one ecosystem to another • Composed of both biotic and abiotic factors • Wetlands, deserts, mountains in Alaska Biotic factors- living parts of an ecosystem Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of an ecosystem Ecosystems Biotic Abiotic List some biotic factors and some abiotic factors Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors List some biotic factors and some abiotic factors Biotic Factors • Animals • Plants • microorganisms Abiotic Factors • Temperature • Sunlight • Humidity • Water supply • Soil type • Mineral nutrients – Nitrogen, sulfur How are ecosystems organized? Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Ecosystems and the biosphere • There are different levels of organization within an ecosystem from the individual organism to the entire biosphere Parts of an ecosystem Organism One individual living thing Population Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place Community All populations are part of a community - a group of interacting populations Ecosystem All organisms living in a certain area Biosphere “circle of life” How does a lion fit into an ecosystem? • Niche- all of an organism’s relationships with its environment- both the living and nonliving parts; an organism’s way of life – Reproducing – #of offspring – Where it finds shelter A niche is like an organism’s profession… What is a habitat? • The actual place that • an organism lives The “address” of the animal Section 2.1 Review •Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors •Explain population, community, and ecosystem •Distinguish between habitat and niche 2.2 How species interact with each other • There are 5 major types of species interactions – Predation – Competition – Parasitism – Mutualism – commensalism predation • One organism kills • • and eats another organism Eaten- called prey Eater- called predator Competition- a relationship between species in which they attempt to use the same limited resource Parasitism • Organisms that live in or on another organism and feed on it without immediately killing it – Host- the organism the parasite takes its nourishment from – Ticks, fleas, tapeworms, heartworms, leeches, mistletoe Mutualism • A cooperative partnership between two species – …bacteria that live in your intestines break down food that you cannot. They also supply you with vitamin K which you need for blood clotting. You give them a warm, dark, place to live that is full of food for them! – Ants and acacia trees in Central America Commensalism • Rare and strange type of specie interaction • One species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped • Sharks and remoras Section 2.2 Review…fill in the table below Predation Competition Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism 2.3 Adapting to the environment • How does the close match between an organism and the environment come about? Evolution by natural selection • 1859…Darwin an English naturalist observed • • • members of a population and noticed their differences Darwin proposed that the environment determines which individuals would have offspring Because of certain traits, certain individuals are more likely to survive Natural selection- the unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or absence of particular traits Evolution by natural selection • Over many generations natural selection causes characteristics of populations to change • Evolution- a change in the genetic characteristics of populations from one generation to the next Evolution by natural selection Evolution by natural selection Type title here organism can produceType name here more offspring than can survive the environment can kill organisms indivuduals vary Type title here