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Bright blue marble spinning in space Ecology AP Biology Studying organisms in their environment organism population community ecosystem AP Biology biosphere Interacting with the environment Biotic environment prey (food) competitors predators, parasites, disease Abiotic environment sunlight temperature water soil AP Biology organism population community ecosystem biosphere Population Ecology AP Biology Life takes place in populations Population group of individuals of same species in same area at same time rely on same resources interact interbreed AP Biology Ecology: What factors affect a population? Population Characterizing a Population Describing a population population range pattern of spacing density size of population 1970 1966 1964 1960 1965 1961 Equator 1958 1951 1943 1937 1956 1970 Immigration from Africa ~1900 range AP Biology density Population Range Geographical limitations biotic & abiotic factors food, predators, temperature, rainfall, etc. habitat adapted to polar region AP Biology adapted to rainforest Changes in range Range expansions & contractions changing environment aspen oak, maple 15,000 years ago glacial period Alpine tundra Elevation (km) 3 km Spruce-fir forests white birch Alpine tundra sequoia Present Spruce-fir forests Mixed conifer forest Woodlands 2 km Mixed conifer forest 1 km Woodlands Grassland, chaparral, and desert scrub Grassland, chaparral, 0 km AP Biology and desert scrub result of competition At risk populations Endangered species limitations to range / habitat places species at risk Devil’s hole pupfish Iiwi Hawaiian bird Socorro isopod Iriomote cat New Guinea tree kangaroo Catalina Island mahogany tree AP Biology Northern white rhinoceros Population Spacing Dispersal patterns within a population Provides insight into the environmental associations & social interactions of individuals in population clumped random AP Biology uniform Clumped Pattern AP Biology (most common) Uniform May result from direct interactions Clumped patterns between individuals in the population territoriality AP Biology Measuring population density How do we measure how many individuals in a population? number of individuals in an area mark & recapture methods Difficult to count a moving target AP Biology sampling populations Population Size Changes to population size adding & removing individuals from a population birth death immigration emigration AP Biology Population growth rates Factors affecting population growth rate sex ratio how many females vs. males? generation time at what age do females reproduce? age structure how females at reproductive age in cohort? AP Biology Why do teenage boys pay high car insurance rates? Demography Factors that affect growth & decline of populations vital statistics & how they change over time females AP Biology males Life table What does this tell you about the population? Survivorship curves Graphic representation of life table The relatively straight lines of the plots indicate relatively constant rates of death; however, males have a lower survival rate overall than females. Belding ground squirrel AP Biology Age structure Relative number of individuals of each age What do the data imply about population growth in these countries? AP Biology Survivorship curves Generalized strategies Survival per thousand 1000 Human (type I) Hydra (type II) What do these graphs tell about survival & strategy of a species? I. High death rate in post-reproductive years 100 II. Constant mortality rate throughout life span Oyster (type III) 10 1 0 25 50 75 Percent of maximum life span AP Biology 100 III. Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long (stay reproductive) End Part 1 AP Biology