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Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 The stamens are the male organs and produce pollen that contain the male gametes The pistil with the stigma, style and ovary is the female organ of the plant. The ovulums are found in the ovule. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Stamens consist of an anther with a filament. The anther produces pollen in the pollen sac. The pollen grains contain the male gametes. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 1. Self pollination 2. Geitonogamy 3.Cross-pollination Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Most pollinators are insects e.g. Bees, moths, butterflies, beetles. Some vertebrates also pollinate flowers e.g. Bats, mice, birds (mainly). Many flowers are pollinated by wind. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Bright colours (bees cannot see red), white for night pollinators e.g. moths Often sweet scent (attracts moths and butterflies) Reward of nectar and pollen Contrasting markings on petals to locate centre of flower (usually not visible to human eye – ultraviolet) Pollen cling to hair on insect bodies Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Stamens form “lever” Pistil overhanging landing platform Tubular shape, contains nectar Nectar guides Landing platform Bees attracted to blue and yellow flowers Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 High yield of dilute nectar Bigger than most insect-pollinated flowers Open in daytime, often red Sturdy against rough feeding of birds Little or no scent – birds have poor sense of smell Protect ovary against beaks by being inferior or by partition Pollen sticks together in clumps Often erect or with landing platform for birds that do not hover Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Stigma close to pollen Stamens fused in tube to fit beak Bright colours Nectaries Sturdy landing platform Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Flowers do not have scent, nectar or brightly coloured petals – no need to attract pollinators. Flowers high on plant to be exposed to wind. Flowers usually small and reduced, lacking calyx or corolla (sepals and petals). Anthers large and well-exposed. Masses of light, non-sticky pollen produced. Stigmas long and feathery with large area for trapping pollen. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Meiosis occurs in the pollen grain. The male gametes are haploid. When the ripe pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma, it will germinate. The pollen grain germinates and form a pollen tube. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 The ovary contains the ovule(s) with female gametes (n). The pollen tube grows down the style, through the micropyle and into the embryo sac. Double fertilisation occurs. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 The ovary develops into the fruit, the ovule into the seed. The fruit develops from the following layers: • Fruit wall from ovary wall. • Seed from ovule. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 A seed consists of a 1. Seed coat – outer layer of ovule (pericarp). 2. Embryo – from fertilisized egg cell (zygote undergoes mitosis). Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Endosperm – result of double fertilization. Endosperm is food for embryo – also why we eat seeds for food. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 The cotyledons contain food for the embryo in some seeds. In beans the cotyledons are responsible for photosynthesis after germination before first leaves are formed. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 MONOCOTYLEDON Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 DICOTYLEDON Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Resistant to unfavourable conditions as they have seed coat. Can be dispersed effectively (see later). Can remain viable in dormant state for long periods. Seeds have stored food reserve in endosperm or cotyledons; includes starch, oils and or protein. Important to man as they are cheap form of plant propagation, way to store plants and are a store of food. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Dormancy is a state of rest. Embryo inactive, seed will not germinate. Some plants have obligatory period of dormancy – seed will not germinate even if conditions are favourable. Dormancy prevents seeds from hatching in wrong season when seedlings would be exposed to unfavourable conditions. Allows seeds to survive unfavourable conditions. Allows for seed dispersal agents to act. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Wind – seeds are light with plumes or wings. Animals – hooks and thorns – cling to wool, stick in paws. Animals – edible fruit – seeds egested in different position. Water – seeds contain oil or air bubbles – float away. Self-dispersed – fruit dry, dehiscent. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 COCO DE MER drifts along ocean currents Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Most important plant source of food for humans. Practical form of food – easy to transport and store for long periods of time. Grains – wheat, maize (mealies), sorghum, rice, oats; mainly starch Pulses (legumes) – beans, peas, soy beans, peanuts, lentils, plant proteins Nuts – oily seeds in hard shells e.g. walnuts, cashews, pecans etc. Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Many plant species under threat. Seed bank stores seeds of wild plants and crops. UK – conserves seeds of about 10% of wild plant species at Kew – Millennium Seed Bank Project. Swedish International Seed Vault – reinforced concrete tunnel – 4,5 million seed samples – will remain viable for 1000’s of years. MSBP working with SA National Biodiversity Institute – contributing 2500 indigenous species – endangered, endemic, over-exploited Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Offer protection against loss of species in wild due to: 1. Habitat loss – agriculture, development of cities, building of dams, large-scale ecological disasters etc. 2. Climate change 3. Over-exploitation of certain species Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Can be used to 1. re-establish damaged, lost habitats and ecosystems 2. re-introduce extinct, endangered or threatened species 3. provide research material Lorraine Kuun, July 2011 Lorraine Kuun, July 2011