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Transcript
Managing for wildlife on private forests in Washington Presented as part of the Coached Forest Management Planning course for WSU extension and WA- DNR Presenters: Jim Bottorff, Stewardship biologist, Washington Dept. of Natural Resources Janean Creighton, Wildlife extension coordinator, Washington State University Extension Habitat is the “key” to wildlife? Habitat is only part of the story Habitat is 1 of 3 keys to wildlife: Life History Population Structure Habitat & Environment Wildlife “Management” Direct: Removal; either relocation or lethal Indirect: Control of resource availability What do wildlife want? •Acquisition of resources • Reproduction Habitat Characteristics Plant succession/Edge Limiting factors: food, water, cover, space Vegetative diversity Stand and landscape scales Level of disturbance Considerations at the Landscape Scale 200 0 Time in years Horizontal Diversity: Succession Primary succession Secondary Succession After a forest fire After a volcanic eruption Horizontal diversity Vertical diversity The thing about succession is…. “Whenever you alter the environment to benefit one species you will impact another.” Edge Effect Induced Inherent ********* ********* ********* ***** **** ****** *** ********* ------------------------------ + +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ * * * * *- *-+-* -+ * -*+ + + + * * * * -* -*+-*-+*-+*- + + + * * * * -* -*+-*-+*-+*- + + + * * * * -* - +*- *-+-*+-* + + + * * * * -* -*+- *-+-*+-* + + + * * * * -* -*+-*-+*-+*- + + + ++++++ Landscape Fragmentation Red fox Rodents Wildlife responses Brown-headed cowbird Ravens/crows increased diversity attracts edge dwelling species Increased predation? Cougar Elk/deer Kestrel Lynx Fisher Wildlife responses Decreases in interior forest habitat impacts edge-sensitive species Boreal owl Northern goshawk American (Pine) martin Hermit thrush Limiting Factors Food Cover Water Space All an animal needs is… a space of one’s own -Juvenile dispersal -Seeking mating opportunities -Seasonal movements How much space does an animal need? Which patch has a potentially viable population? Forest management approaches to improve wildlife habitat General Habitat Requirements for Wildlife Food and water Areas to breed and rear young Areas to hide and rest Areas to escape adverse weather Areas for travel Species of cavity users: 39 birds + 23 mammals 62 Excavators: Occupy existing cavities: 16 birds + 0 mammals 16 30 birds + 23 mammals 53 What do wildlife want? •Acquisition of resources • Reproduction What do we want ? •Continued use of natural resources •Clean water and air •High quality of life Are they compatible? Guidelines for landowners 1. Define objectives: Human: harvest value, stand improvement, visual enhancement, fire prevention Wildlife: diversity, game species Wildlife outcome depends on patch size, site productivity, and species present. Human and wildlife values can be compatible! 2. Evaluate your stand(s) Make a vegetation and wildlife inventory. Define site productivity, or potential for expected change after treatment. Identify habitat elements present or possible – i.e food, cover, water. Appropriate for target species? 3. Put stands into landscape context. Will target wildlife be able to find, use, and persist at site? Can you work with adjacent landowners to meet needs of wide-ranging wildlife? 4. Actively manage for structure Variable-retention thinning to maximize diversity. Snag & defective tree retention or creation Nest boxes a good critical. short-term option for some cavity dwelling species. Leave large woody debris, or scattered slash piles. for cover and foraging sites. Under-planting vegetation for forage, fruit & seed. Wildlife habitat is messy!! Good wildlife management is a commitment to long term management… 3 months 5 years 1 year 10 years 50 years