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SYMBIOSIS
How are our relationships
comparable to ecology?
Interest Grabber
Section 4-2
Fitting In
• Organisms not only live together in ecological
communities, but they also constantly
interact with one another. These interactions,
which include predation and competition,
help shape the ecosystem in which they live.
• 1. Based on your own experiences, define
predation. Give one example of predation.
• 2. Based on your own experiences, define
competition. Give one example of
competition.
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Section:
What is symbiosis?
• Symbiosis: is a close
ecological relationship
between the individuals of
two (or more) different
species.
• Mutualism: cooperative
relationship in which both
species derive some
benefit.
• Example: Pollination
• Parasitism: one individual
known as the parasite,
feeds on another
individual, known as the
host.
• Endoparasite- Internal
• Ectoparasite- External
• Commensalism: interaction
in which one species
benefits and the other is
not affected.
How do we understand Symbiosis?
• Every ecosystem has
many different
symbiotic relationships.
Each fills a niche. All
symbiotic relationships
are specific to the
organisms. You can’t
replace one with
another.
Parasites
Dog
Fleas
Heart Worm
Giardia
Commensalism
1. An orchid lives on a
tropical tree. It lives on
the tree to reach the
sunlight.
Mutualism
1. There is a bird, the Egyptian plover, which cleans
crocodile teeth by eating the left over food particles
in the crocodile’s mouth.
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Section:
Habitat vs. Niche
• Habitat- place where an organism lives
• Niche- the use of its habitat and its function/
role in the community
Niche
• Fundamental niche- the entire range where
an organism could survive.
• Realized niche- actual area in a community
that an organism occupies due to competition.
Figure 4-5 Three Species of
Warblers and Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
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Section:
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Biomagnification
Movement of toxin
through a food chain.
Increases 10x/level
Figure 6-16 Biological
Magnification of DDT
Section 6-3
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
Fish-Eating Birds
10,000,000
Large
Fish
Small Fish
100,000
Zooplankton
10,000
Producers
Water
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Section:
1,000,000
1000
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