Download Motion & Forces

Motion & Forces
Defining Force
Force
 Newton’s First Law
 Friction

Force

Force
 a push or pull that one body exerts on
another
 What forces are being
exerted on the football?
Fkick
Fgrav
Force




Sometimes it is obvious that a force has
been applied.
But other forces aren't as noticeable.
A force can cause the motion of an
object to change.
If you have played billiards, you know
that you can force a ball at rest to roll
into a pocket by striking it with another
ball.
Changing Motion


The force of the moving ball causes the
ball at rest to move in the direction of
the force.
Force does not always change velocity.
Force

Net Force
 unbalanced forces that are not
opposite and equal
 velocity changes (object accelerates)
Fnet
Ffriction
Fpull
N
W
N
Balanced Forces



When two or more forces act on an
object at the same time, the forces
combine to form the net force
The net force on the box is zero
because the two forces cancel each
other.
Forces on an object that are equal in
size and opposite in direction are called
balanced forces.
Force

Balanced Forces
 forces
acting on
an object that
are opposite in
direction and
equal in size
 no
change in
velocity
Unbalanced Forces



When two students are pushing with
unequal forces in opposite directions, a
net force occurs in the direction of the
larger force.
The net force that moves the box will
be the difference between the two
forces because they are in opposite
directions.
They are considered to be unbalanced
forces.
Unbalanced Forces


The students are
pushing on the box in
the same direction.
These forces are
combined, or added
together, because
they are exerted on
the box in the same
direction.
Unbalanced Forces

The net force
that acts on
this box is
found by adding
the two forces
together.
Inertia and Mass



Inertia is the tendency of an object to
resist any change in its motion
If an object is moving, it will have
uniform motion.
It will keep moving at the same speed
and in the same direction unless an
unbalanced force acts on it
Inertia and Mass



The velocity of the object remains
constant unless a force changes it.
If an object is at rest, it tends to
remain at rest. Its velocity is zero
unless a force makes it move.
The inertia of an object is related to its
mass. The greater the mass of an
object is, the greater its inertia
What happens in a crash?


The law of inertia can
explain what happens
in a car crash.
When a car traveling
about 50 km/h
collides head-on with
something solid, the
car crumples, slows
down, and stops
within approximately
0.1 s.
What happens in a crash?



Any passenger not wearing a safety belt
continues to move forward at the same speed
the car was traveling.
Within about 0.02 s (1/50 of a second) after
the car stops, unbelted passengers slam into
the dashboard, steering wheel, windshield, or
the backs of the front seats.
The force needed to slow a person from 50
km/h to zero in 0.1 s is equal to 14 times the
force that gravity exerts on the person.
What happens in a crash?



The belt loosens a little as it restrains
the person, increasing the time it takes
to slow the person down.
This reduces the force exerted on the
person.
The safety belt also prevents the
person from being thrown out of the
car.
Safety Belts



Air bags also reduce injuries in car
crashes by providing a cushion that
reduces the force on the car's
occupants.
When impact occurs, a chemical
reaction occurs in the air bag that
produces nitrogen gas.
The air bag expands rapidly and then
deflates just as quickly as the nitrogen
gas escapes out of tiny holes in the bag.
Newton’s First Law


Newton’s First Law of Motion
 “Law of Inertia”
Inertia
 tendency of an object to resist any
change in its motion
 increases as mass increases
Concept Test 1
TRUE or FALSE?
The object shown in the diagram must be at
rest since there is no net force acting on it.
FALSE! A net force does not
cause motion. A net force
causes a change in motion, or
acceleration.
Taken from “The Physics Classroom” © Tom Henderson, 1996-2001.
Concept Test 2
You are a passenger in a car and not
wearing your seat belt.
Without increasing or decreasing its
speed, the car makes a sharp left turn,
and you find yourself colliding with the
right-hand door.
Which is the correct analysis of the
situation? ...
ConcepTest 2
1. Before and after the collision, there
is a rightward force pushing you
into the door.
2.
Starting
at
the
time
of
collision,
2. Starting at the time of collision, the
the
door
exerts
a
leftward
force
door exerts a leftward force on
on
you.
you.
3. both of the above
4. neither of the above
Friction

Friction
 force that opposes motion between 2
surfaces
 depends on the:
 types of surfaces
 force between the
surfaces
Friction


Friction is greater...
 between rough surfaces
 when there’s a greater
force between the
surfaces
(e.g. more weight)
Pros and Cons?