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THE CRUSADES • What is a Crusade? • How many Crusades were there? • What were the Crusades fought over? • Why did they start? Mr. Blais European Middle Ages Causes of the Crusades • Around 1050 A.D. the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire. • The Turks had converted to Islam and had taken almost all Byzantine lands in Asia Minor as well as the Holy Land (Jerusalem). • This would force the emperor of the Byzantine Empire to ask the Pope in Rome for military assistance Goals of the Crusades • Religious Goal: Recapture the holy land • Military Goal: Stop Muslim attacks on the Byzantine Empire • Political Goal: Kings and the Church saw the Crusades as a way for the knights of Europe to fight together instead of against one another. • Personal Goal: Young men saw the Crusades as a way to gain wealth and a better position in society. The First Crusade • In early 1097 an army of 50,00060,000 knights and people of all classes gathered outside Constantinople. • The Crusaders were ill prepared and knew very little if anything about the climate, geography, or culture of the holy land. • After over 2 years and thousands of miles the Crusader army of only 12,000 besieged Jerusalem for a month and captured it on July 15, 1099. The Feeble Second Crusade • By 1144 the city of Edessa was taken by the Turks and the Second Crusade was launched to retake the city. • This Crusade was led by the King of France and the King of Germany and both of their armies were separately defeated by the Turks. • The Crusade was an utter disaster. The Third Crusade • In 1187 (only 88 years after its capture) Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces led by a skilled military commander named Saladin (Salah alDin). • Richard the Lion-Hearted (King of England) was also a skilled warrior and led the Christian forces on the Third Crusade to retake Jerusalem. • After many battles the two commanders settled on a truce in 1192. The Muslims kept control of Jerusalem but would allow unarmed Christians to pilgrimage to the city. Richard and Saladin • Richard was noted for his courage, charm, grace, and his utter ruthlessness. • After his capture of the city Acre he slaughtered some 3,000 men, women, and children. • Saladin was, and still is, one of the most famous Muslim leaders. • He was a devout, honest, and brave man. • His most renowned act was sparing the lives of all Christians in Jerusalem once he captured it. Effects of the Crusades • Trade: Merchants who lived in the Early Crusader states expanded trade as far as southeast Asia benefitting all in Europe. • Society: For those who remained home, especially women, the Crusades gave them the opportunity to manage affairs on the estate or operate shops and inns on their own. • The Church: With the failure of almost all the Crusades the Church’s power in Europe began to decline. • Politics: With Church Power declining and many powerful nobles now dead or displaced Kings and Monarchs began to consolidate power and began to create more centralized governments. • Religion: The intolerance between Christian and Muslims that began during the Crusades created long lasting bitterness and hatred between the two religions. • Exploration: This new knowledge of a world beyond Europe would drive later Europeans to trade with far away regions like China. • By 1400, Muslims only held onto the Kingdom of Granada. • Then when the two powerful monarchs of Spain (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile) married they were able to force the Muslims out for good in 1492. The Reconquista • This was a long draw out effort by the European Christians to drive the Muslim forces out of Spain and Portugal. 1030 1180 1100 1300 1492 The Spanish Inquisition • In order to increase the power of Christianity in Spain, Queen Isabella and the Church established the Inquisition in order to suppress and eliminate any heretics in Spain. • Heretics were people who had any beliefs that differed from the Church. • People suspected of heresy could be questioned and tortured for weeks and then once they confessed they were burned at the stake. • Hundreds of thousands were burnt at the stake and at least 150,000 left the country.