Download Exploration part 2

Age of
Exploration
Chapter 4
Europe and the Far East
Explores and the New World
• Columbus:
• Made several voyages to what he thought
was Asia
• Claimed many Caribbean Islands for Spain
which were intended to become colonies.
• Amerigo Vespucci:
• 1501- claimed the land found by Columbus
was not Asia, but a “new” world.
• 1507- The “new” world is named America
after him.
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for
“El Dorado”
Magellan
• Spain
• 1522: first person to
circumnavigate the
globe
• Took 3 years
• He died before they
returned
• Only 18 out of 250
men lived
Cortes and the Conquistadors
• 1519: Cortes lands in
Mexico.
• Began to explore
mainland America
• Conquered the Aztec
and took their Gold
and silver
• Superior weapons
• Disease- Measles,
mumps, smallpox and
typhus.
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
Smallpox
Pizarro
• 1533: he brought a
group of 200 men
who over took 30,000
Incas.
• Killed their leader
Atahualpa
• Took the Inca capital
of Cuzco
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Spanish culture in the Americas
• The Spanish lived amongst the natives and
imposed their culture upon them.
• Mestizo: mixed Spanish and native
• Religion: converted people to the Roman
Catholic faith, often by force
• Society: developed a strict hierarchical social
structure based on faith and on their
government in Spain
Spanish culture in the Americas
• Politics: governed in name of the King
• Economy:
• Established encomiendas- natives were forced to
labor on the land under Spanish rulers
• Found gold and silver
• The wealth of South America makes Spain a
world power.
The Colonial Class
System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Native Indians
Mulattos
Black Slaves
Spanish expansion into North
America
• Spain began to explore more
areas in what would become
Southwest and southeast US.
• Juan Ponce de Leon founded
Florida.
• Spanish traveled north of
Mexico (Southwest territory
in the US now) in hopes of
finding more silver/gold and
to convert more natives.
• The named the area New
Mexico.
Portugal and Brazil
• Pedro Alvares Cabral
claimed Brazil for
Portugal in 1500.
• They found little gold
and silver
• Grew sugar cane on
huge plantations
• High demand for
sugar in Europe led
to big profits for
Portugal.
French Explorers:
• Giovanni da Verrazano
• 1524
• Discovered NY harbor
• Jacques Cartier
• 1534
• Eastern coast of Canada and St. Lawrence
river
French Explorers
• Sieur de La Salle
• 1682
• Explores Mississippi
river valley
• Claims the river valley
for France
• Named Louisiana in
honor of King Louis
XIV
• Samuel de Champlain
• 1608
• Sails up St. Lawrence
river
• Founded Quebec
• Base of France’s colonial
empire New France
New France
• By the early 1700s New France covers
most of Midwestern US and eastern
Canada
• Huge empire, but sparsely populated
• Main economic activity: fur trade
French Culture in the Americas
• Religion: The French missionaries tried
to convert natives to Catholicism but
unlike the Spanish, they did not do it by
force.
• Society: The French had a mostly
positive relationship with the Indians.
• The French did bring over their hierarchical
society.
English Arrive in North America
• Jamestown
• Est. 1607 by London investors who had
received a charter from King James
• During the 1st few years, 7 out of 10 died
• 1st permanent English settlement
• Found brown gold=tobacco
New England
• Pilgrims
• 1620 in Plymouth, MA
• Sought religious freedom
• Mayflower Compact and 1st Thanksgiving
• Puritans
• “purify” the
Anglican church
• Came seeking
religious freedom
• MA bay colony
• “City upon a hill”
English and Native relations
• Unlike the French and the Dutch, The
English did not have good relations with
the Native Americans.
• As English settlers pushed for more land
and the spread of Christianity, war broke
out between themselves and the Natives.
• King Philip’s war: Metacom vs. English
Population of the New England
Colonies
New Netherland
• Henry Hudson
• 1609 & 1610
• Discovers 3 waterways  Hudson river,
Hudson, Bay and Hudson strait
• Claimed the area for the Dutch, name it new
Netherland
• Set up fur trade posts also
had a mostly a
positive
relationship
with the
Natives
The fight for the Americas
• English battle for colonial supremacy in
North America
• English vs. Dutch
• 1664, English decided to send the Duke of York to
New Netherlands because they disliked that the
Dutch colony separated their English colonies
• Dutch surrender and the colony was renamed New
York
• English vs. French
• French and Indian war (aka Seven years’ war)
• British defeat the French in 1763
• British now controls eastern half of North America
Creating an Advertisement
• Pick on of the following countries to create a
full page advertisement to entice individuals to
come to the “new” world.
• Spain
• France
• England
• Your AD must have the following information:
• Identify your target audience (this is
different for each country)
• Written information
• Pictures
• Color
History of Slavery in Africa
• Slavery had existed in Africa for
centuries, yet it was minor
• In 600, Muslims began import slaves to
Muslim controlled North Africa and
Southwest Asia
• In Africa and Muslim societies though
slaves had some
legal rights and
were able to break
their bondage.
Atlantic Slave Trade
• Sugar and tobacco plantations required
large amounts of workers
• Europeans had planned on using Native
Americans but many had died from
disease and war.
• Europeans looked to Africa for cheap
labor:
• Africans had already been exposed to
European disease and had immunity
• Experienced in farming
• Less likely to escape
The Middle Passage
• Middle passage—
middle leg of
transatlantic
trade, transports
slaves
• 20% or more of
Africans on ship
die from disease,
abuse, suicide.
Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position
Below Deck
Onboard the
Slave Ship
Letter Writing Activity
• Write a letter as if you are an
African on a slave ship. You are
trying to tell the king of a
European country about the
atrocities of slavery. In your letter
you will need to make a case for
ending slave trade by describing
the horrors of the Middle Passage,
explaining the immorality of slave
trade, and the impact on African
communities. (20 lines)
Effects of Exploration
• Columbian
Exchange
• Transfer of goods:
foods
plants
animals
• Spread of Disease
• Smallpox
• Spread of Slavery
the “Columbian exChange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Triangle of Trade
Global Trade
• The establishment of colonies allowed for
European countries to accumulate great
wealth + dramatic growth in oversea
trade
• This led to great changes in economics
and business:
• Rise of new economic system: capitalism
• Economic system based on private ownership and
investment of resources
• Rise in inflation
• Rise in prices
Global Trade
• A new business venture: Joint-stock companies
• Worked like a modern-day corporation
• Investors bought shares of stock in the company
• Ex: Jamestown
• And new economic policies: mercantilism and
favorable balance of trade
• Mercantilism: country’s wealth was dependent
upon their wealth (gold/silver/capital goods)
• To help with this theory of mercantilism was to
establish a favorable balance of trade: export
more than you import
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver,
into Europe created an inflationary
economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the
continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.