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Great Migration Great Migration took place during the last Ice Age. (30,000 years ago) Asia to the Americas Reasons for migrations? Environmental, opportunity, overpopulation, famine, forced migration Impact of Isolation Americas Lived 15,000 years in isolation from the rest of the world distinguishes American development from the world’s other major cultural regions Mesoamerican Vs Andean Regions Mesoamerican and Andean regions domestication of plants and animals Agricultural surpluses led to craft specialization development of trade and technology led to the rise of social and political complexity Andean region (Chavin) the environment was a diverse combination of mountain, arid coastal plains, and dense interior jungles. domestication of the llama important to the transportation of goods The Olmecs 1400 B.C.E – 500 B.C.E 1st American Civilization Around Mexican Gulf Coast Built ceremonial centers Pyramid shaped centers The Olmecs 1400 B.C. – 500 B.C. Government Cities Ran by priests No true cities No walls around cities suggests what? Legacy Set the foundation for other great America civilizations Mayas 300 A.D. to 900 A.D.•Located on Yucatan Peninsula (Guatemala) •Mayan People were farmers •cleared Rainforest to build farms •Had a complex irrigation system Mayan Religion Priest were the highest people in society Worshipped nature: Animals, plants, waters, planets Religious rituals and festivals were very important Ceremonies for harvest and war Human sacrifices Mayas 300 A.D. to 900 A.D. Architecture Large pyramid temples were built Paintings that showed gods and warriors Chichen Itza, Mexico Mayan Government Each Mayan city had its own ruling chief Rulers were usually men, but sometimes women also ruled Mayan Accomplishments Developed a hieroglyphic writing system Developed a 365 day solar calendar For religious purpose Developed a counting numbering system Aztecs Lived in Modern Day Mexico Capital – Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today) Became an Empire and conquered other lands Spanish arrived in 15th century Aztec Society Emperor- Chosen by Council of Nobles and Priests Nobles and Priests Warriors – Common People Slaves Officials, governors, judges could attain a noble social status If they killed an enemy Farmers - Mostly captives or criminals (many were sacrificed to the Sun God) Aztec Religious Beliefs Polytheistic Priests performed rituals to please many Aztec Gods Most important God – The Sun God Offered human sacrifices (hearts) to give the sun strength to rise each day Incas 1463 - 1532 Incan empire stretched 2500 miles Andes mountains to Pacific Coast (Ecuador to Chile) Built a road system that stretched from 12,000 miles Primarily used by soldiers and messengers Machu Picchu- Peru Lost city after Spanish conquest, later Inca Government Sapa Inca (emperor) exercised absolute power Was chief religious leader Lives of Incas Incas regulated people lives Government officials arranged marriages Farmers Spent part of each year working for the emperor Govt. took yearly harvest and divided among people and kept some in storage Inca Religion Polytheistic Gods linked to the forces of nature Powerful classes of priests served the Gods Chief God was Inti, the sun god Chosen Women of the Sun Started at age 8 and trained until age 16 where her fate would be decided Made garments for the Sapa Inca Most remained in house of seclusion in service of the Sun for most of their lives The Age of Exploration Led by Portugal and Spain 1400-1750 Exploration…Why Now? Six Major Reasons 1. The Renaissance Spirit 2. An increasing competition among European monarchs to be the “super nation” 3. Riches in Spices, Silk and Porcelain 4. Europeans wanted to find new trade routes direct access to Asia (most important) & India • Cut out Muslim & Italian middlemen • Need to bypass Mediterranean 5. New Navigation Technology 1. Better Maps -More durable maps made of sheep skin 2. The compass made it to Europe by the 1200s, from where? 3. The astrolabe measured latitude using angles of sun and stars on the horizon; not accurate in rough seas An astrolabe The compass came from China The Caravel Developed by the Portuguese but a combination of Arab and European sail design. -Triangle-shaped sails enabled ships to sail against wind. -Multiple masts (upright pole)increased speed. The Ultimate Reasons to Explore…. 6. The Three G’s (political) Glory (economic) Gold (religious) God The conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons. Who’s Land Was It? • • 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain to control west territories; Portugal to control east territories. (Europe not included) Portuguese Explorations: Trading Empire • • • • Prince Henry the Navigator promoting and financing exploration Launched the Age of Explorations 1418 started the first school for oceanic navigation Sailors were trained in navigation, map-making, and astronomy • Diaz and da Gama Bartholomeu Dias 1487 First to reach the southern tip of Africa Discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama • In 1497 led four ships on an expedition to India. • First to sail around Africa and reach India Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India Spanish Explorations Land Based Empire Spain : Land Based Empire Why? Spain and Portugal had similar motives and identical ships and weapons What happened? Isolation of the Americans made the motives different American lands much were easier to dominate than Asian and African lands Resorted to conquest and plunder rather than trade Christopher Columbus: • Born in Genoa, Italy • In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand financed an expedition for Columbus to find a new route to India heading west. • Miscalculated the circumference of the world • Legacy • Linked the Old World to the New World First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan 1519 • Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan which enabled sailors to cross the Pacific Ocean. • 1521 died in the Philippines • 18 sailors complete the mission back to Spain Financed by the Dutch COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT? exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, diseases, technology and ideas between Old and the New World Columbian Exchange Disease (small pox –the greatest killer) Europeans (Old World) greatly reduced Amerindian populations (thereby assisting European conquest and accelerating cultural change), while Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases such as syphilis. introduced bananas and wheat that diversified Amerindian diets, while other crops like sugar cane were intended for cultivation with exploited labor European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected indian lives Horses (increased military capacity and hunting efficiency) New World the Amerindian crops of maize, potatoes, and manioc had a great impact on Old World agriculture beaver and other fur-bearing animals significantly influenced the exchange between Amerindians and Europeans The Eve of Destruction In 1492 anthropologists estimate there were about 75 million Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico! What happened? Cortes Treated as a God… Arrived in 1519 with 11 ships, 500+ men and a few cannons Taught to be the arrival of the great god Quetzalcoatl 8 months of peace Cortes formed an alliance with those enslaved tribes who hate their Aztec It took two years for Cortes to conqueror the empire. A Map of Cortes’ travels across Mexico, 1519-1526 The Rest of the Story… Indians forced to work on Spanish farms and mines. many died from over work, lack of food and disease; (small pox) forced to convert to Christianity 3. Disease Spanish seemed immune Conquest of Peru In 1531, Pizarro sailed from Panama city with about 180 men. The Spaniards find the Inca’s trying to recover from civil war. Had he come early he would have met a united empire. Pizzaro uses the Inca’s own roads to get to them. They have 14,000 miles of road! Reasons for Victory… 1. Superior military technologies: armor, steel swords, fire arms, cannons 2. Division & Discontent among the Indians. 3. Disease brought by the Europeans 4. Spanish imposed forced labor and religious conversion to control their empire Conquest and Slavery In The New World, 1400-1750 The history of Native People in the Latin America… The picture “says” it all! What do you see? Land Claims in the Americas By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable overseas empires. Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the Americas and Africa. Demographic Shifts 16th and 17th Century (Shifts were enormous) Americas Aztecs and Incas were wiped out Huge cities were depopulated Europeans moved by hundreds of thousands Africans were forced to move by the millions Europe Cities swelled as feudal system evaporated Urban middle class merchants lined their pockets with the fruits of trade and labor By 1750, continents of the Old and New World were unrecognizable from their 1450 counterparts Land Claims in the Americas About 1750 colonial societies established in the Americas by Spain and Portugal Society Labor shortage because of epidemic disease and the resulting labor shortages, the African slave trade became a major factor in colonial society and culture. Catholic Church (richest institution) patterned after their homelands: class-based, hierarchical, and uniformly Catholic. Transferred European language, culture, and Christian belief to the New World Although American Indian religious belief survived beneath the surface of imposed Christianity Economy Spain- dominated by silver mines of Bolivia and Peru Brazil- sugar plantation Spanish Colonial Society In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new very strict class system: 1. Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society. 2. Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next. 3. Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. 4. Mulattoes were people of African and European descent. SLAVERY Why was African slave labor was so widely used in the Americas? Once popular theories more resistant to disease and better suited to heavy work in tropical climates. motivated primarily by prejudice. Eric Williams has refuted that particular theory with his famous quote that “Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery.” Atlantic slave trade. It was a partnership between European and African elites African kings and merchants who controlled the trade, not Europeans. Africans demanded highquality goods Guns and textiles Most slaves taken from Africa were prisoners of war Great Circuit. Some trading patterns were three-sided, or triangular. -First leg was a trade route from Europe to Africa -Middle passage was a voyage from Africa to the Americas 1 out of every 6 slaves died during the voyage Saharan slave trade VS the Atlantic slave trade? Indigenous Muslim states controlled both sides of the Saharan trade. Islamic law prohibited the enslavement of Muslims, but some where still enslaved The Atlantic slave trade was heavily male; the Saharan slave trade heavily female. Triangular Trade Grows The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade. Original Triangle Trade Route: Slaves, Sugar & Rum Rum Sugar Slaves Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–1870 Greatest sugar producer in 1600 – Brazil Greatest sugar producer in 18th century – Saint Domingue (Haiti) Life of a slave working on a plantation in the 18th century Slaves were organized into “gangs” for field work “drivers” typically a male slave kept tight control over the slaves Rewarded for good work and punished harshly for failing to meet daily quotas and/or showing any form of resistance Worked hard to avoid punishment Death Rate Most slaves died of diseases Life expectancy of a Brazilian male was 23 years Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Although the slave trade ended in 1807, slavery continued to exist Slave Collar So a runaway could be heard! A Different Kind of Slavery…BUT "Anyone can say that slavery has existed forever," says Frans Fontaine, "even the Greeks and Romans had slaves.” But this kind of slavery was different – it was fixed to race. You became a slave because you were black. A Different Kind of Slavery…BUT slavery didn't fit in with Christian ideals. How was it justified? Europeans and Americans determined, they were not really humans.