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Exploration, Discovery and Settlement 1492-1700 The original exploration, discovery and settlement of the Americas occurred thousands of years before Christopher Columbus was born. Exploration, Discovery and Settlement Archeologists believe the first people to settle N. America arrived 40,000 years ago These people crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia (Russia) to Alaska These first Americans eventually migrated to S. America They adapted to their environment, spoke different languages, developed unique cultures 50-75 million persons Exploration, Discovery and Settlement How were the Native Americans different? How were they similar? Cultures of N. America Pueblo Most N. Americans lived in small settlements (300 people) Men: made tools, hunting Women: Grew crops Some were nomadic More Complex: Pueblos in SW U.S. had multistoried homes, irrigation Mound builders in Mississippi, Ohio R. Valleys Iroquois form League of Nations Cultures of N. America Adena, Hopwell and Mississippian cultures Cultures of C. and S. America Aztec Capitol: Tenochtitlan Equal in size to any European city at its height Most historians believe more people lived in Cenral and South American than N. America BIG 3: Maya Aztecs Incas All were highly organized, extensive trade, calendars, scientific observations, and farming Europe Moves Toward Exploration Most Europeans had no idea the Americas existed Vikings came around 1000 to N. America but left no lasting impact Columbus arrives in 1492 Why? Improvements in Technology Renaissance: rebirth of classical learning and outburst of scientific activity (1400s and 1500s) Gunpowder from China Sailing Compass adopted by Arabs from Chinese Improvements in Shipbuilding and mapmaking Printing press invented in 1450s Religious Conflict Catholic Spain: Spain expelled all Muslims in the 1400s and united under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (they financed Columbus) N. Europe Rebels: Protestant Reformation starts in Germany, soon France, England and Holland revolt against papal authority Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants This causes a religious motive for exploration as European countries wanted their “versions” spread Expanding Trade Competition for trade amongst European countries Looking for a new way to the riches of Asia Along African coast? Or across Atlantic? Portugal lead the way - Prince Henry the Navigator and Vasco da Gama Developing Nation-States In Europe monarchs were gaining power and building nation-states ( country where the people share a common culture and loyalty to govt.) in Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands They depended on trade for $ Early Explorations C. Columbus sails for Spain and lands in the Bahamas in Oct. 1492 He always thought he had reached Asia, not the Americas He names the natives: Indians Amerigo Vespucci = America There will now be PERMANENT interaction between Europe and the “New World” Exchanges Dividing the New World Spain and Portugal were the first to claim land In 1493 the pope drew a dividing line to separate the lands between the two countries Treaty of Tordesillas Spanish Exploration and Conquest Conquistadors conquered land for Spain in S. America and C. America Cortes def. Aztecs Pizzaro def. Incas Gold and silver sent back to Spain Spain becomes wealthiest nation in Europe Spanish Conquests Encomienda System: king of Spain gives grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards Indians had to work on farms/mines What caused Native Americans to die by the thousands? English Claims