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By 1300 papermaking and print technology had reached Europe from China (China invented printing in 868. Gutenberg invented moveable type in 1456 The Gutenberg Bible is considered one of the first books ever printed. Books became more available Literacy increased Ideas spread rapidly Eyeglasses Eyeglasses were invented in the 1300’s. With the invention of the printing press in the 1400’s, the demand for eyeglasses increased. Far-sighted glasses (for reading) were developed first. Later on near-sightedness was able to be corrected. The Flush Toilet The flush toilet, or water closet as it was called dates back to 1589 when it was invented by Sir John Harington. Harington invented a valve that when pulled would release water from a water closet. Sir John recommended flushing the toilet once or twice a day, although with our modern technology, we know that is probably not sufficient Shakespeare wrote many plays Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales Cervantes wrote Don Quixote William Shakespeare 1. "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears! --From Julius Caesar 2. To be or not to be, --that is the question: -- From Hamlet 3. O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?" --From Romeo and Juliet 4. "Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow." -- From Romeo and Juliet Many of the new ideas in the Renaissance led to questions about religion. Some believed the church was more interested in money than religion (example: if a person sinned, they could buy a document which freed them from any punishment of their sin – called an indulgence.) Some Christians protested against this Catholic teaching and began being called “protestants” A movement began to reform the Catholic Church – “The Protestant Reformation” Martin Luther was one of The puritans that came to America followed the first to challenge the John Calvin’s teachings Catholic Church Organized a new Christian Sought greater religious freedom church (no longer in latin) “Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason, I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other, my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything. For to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther’s defense at his Catholic inquisition, April 1521 By the mid-1400s, Europe began to reach beyond its boundaries in a great age of discovery and exploration. Vasco de Gama, from Portugal, was the first to sail all the way around Africa. Christopher Columbus, sent by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, sailed the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria in search of another way to Asia (across the Atlantic), but discovered the New World instead. •Known as the “father of modern science.” •Galileo was famous for inventing the thermometer. He also perfected the telescope and experimented with gravity and pendulums.