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What is the best way to take notes on pages you are required to read? 1. Read the title of the section. (Turn to page 3: “Native American Histories Before Conquest.”) 2. Turn the “title” into a question. “What was life like for Native Americans before their encounter with the Europeans?” 3. With the question in mind, read and take notes! 4. Now you try! (Collaborate in your group.) My notes: The NA inhabited the Americas long before European exploration began (before Columbus arrived in 1492). The NA migrated by way of the Bering Strait, a land bridge connecting Asia & North America during the Ice Age, a place called Beringia. This migration didn’t happen all at once; instead these Natives moved in small bands or groups. They were nomadic and settled where they could find food. Survival was their goal which meant they had to adapt to their environment. These bands of Natives did not carry communicable diseases and their isolation from each other prevented them from building up an immunity to disease which would be a major problem for them when they encountered the Europeans. The encounter between the NA & the Europeans was one of death and disease! When studying history, you must understand the following concepts: Social Structures: “Social” implies people Economic Structures: implies trading, buying & selling, bartering, economic system Political Structures: implies government, rights, freedoms Institutions: such as religion, education, culture, custom, behavior, law, marriage, etc. Video Notes FYI: You will need to know a little about the following regions and tribes. • • • • • Northeast: Iroquois, Algonquin Southeast: home to the 5 civilized tribes Southwest: Pueblo Northwest: Chinook Great Plains: Plains Indians who responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles (nomadic). General characteristics of the Native Americans • • • • • Some societies developed a mixed agricultural and huntergatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. Ex: Iroquois, Algonquin Division of labor: women cultivated maize, farmed; men hunted & fished Social diversification – engaged in a variety of economic activities in order to survive Lacked unity Social status defined through kinship; ex: Native Americans living in the areas colonized by the English were matrilineal; another way an individual's prestige and rank were determined was by the quantities of material possessions he could give away (Ex: Chinook) Characteristics continued Leaders were renowned public speakers, sometimes the only way to gain the support of their people • Fought with other tribes to exact revenge or to gain captives but seldom genocidal in nature Organized diplomacy, trade, and war around reciprocal relationships, viewed by Europeans as egalitarian (equality among all people) & democratic (in the interest of all people). WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? Diplomacy – the “conduct” of government officials when negotiating Reciprocal – mutual • Developed new food sources: “MAIZE” The cultivation of maize began in present-day Mexico (Pueblo Indians) but spread to the Northeast (Iroquois, Algonguin) and beyond resulting in economic development & social diversification among societies in these areas just as a mix of foraging & hunting did in the NW & parts of California (Chinook). Iroquois • • • • • Traded with the Algonquin but also fought against them Encountered the Pilgrims Cleared the land, planted crops, used the wood to build houses & to make tools Division of labor: women planted and gathered (harvested crops); men hunted and fished Their social structure was matrilineal: meaning kinship through the female line; women “owned” the land and houses, maintained customs, and participated in government Iroquois League Also called the Iroquois Confederacy or the Five nations consisted of 5 Indian nations who were feared by all other tribes in the NE Formed between 1570 and 1600 to put an end to constant warfare among the tribes & to provide a united force to withstand invasion. Was governed by a council made up of clan & village chiefs Voting in the council was by tribe & a unanimous vote was required to declare war Impact of the Iroquois League on European colonization The Iroquois traded beaver for firearms with the Europeans and became important in the rivalry between the French & British colonists. The confederacy was officially recognized by the British in 1722 and survived for more than 200 years. Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union was modeled after the League. In 1754, delegates from 7 English colonies convened at Albany, NY to work out a unified effort in the northern colonies for a permanent union of the colonies (intercolonial cooperation). Called for a grand council of delegates from each colony, elected by their colonial legislatures. Purpose of union was to deal with common problems (Native Americans, westward expenses, common defense, taxation to pay for the military). Plan was rejected but it did provide a model for the later government of the US. Algonquins made up of numerous tribes located from the coast of NC to Maine • lived in different regions and spoke different dialects, making communication among tribes difficult and prevented any type of unity; therefore they looked out for their own best interests which meant they often allied w/the Europeans rather than other native groups, which the Europeans exploited and purposefully created problems among native groups. • Why was it important for Europeans to forge alliances with the Native Americans? At first the NA outnumbered the Europeans and it made it possible for the Europeans to gain hold of the land more easily. The Pueblo Settled in present-day New Mexico At first converted to Catholicism because the Franciscan friars (members of the Roman Catholic Church associated with St. Francis) controlled valuable tools & equipment and offered protection from other Native American tribes in the area but due to widespread sickness and drought, the Pueblos began to resist these efforts & to return to traditional religious practices which was seen as witchcraft by the Spanish. Revolt of 1680 or the Pueblo Revolt – the Pueblo forced the Spanish from their land; the Spanish had built outposts (forts) along the Rio Grande; was one of the most successful Native American wars of resistance in North American history In the 1700s they again accepted Spanish rule to gain protection from neighboring tribes (Apache), became Catholics, acknowledged Spanish authority, but governed their own local affairs. The Pueblo continued Cultivators of corn Environment: subdesert (less arid – extremely dry - than a typical desert) Built homes of adobe brick on high mesas (flat) or cracks in cliffs to protect themselves from neighboring tribes The Chinook * Settled on the NW coast and areas of California fished, hunted small game, traded (Columbia River – a rich source of salmon) shells for hair & clothing accents • Developed a rich civilization: built plank houses and canoes, worked extensively in wood and formed a complex social and political organization (potlatches an individual's prestige and rank were determined by the quantities of material possessions he could give away • Resisted the invasion by the whites but eventually were forced onto reservations (1880s) The New AP Test Format Part B – Short-answer questions will directly address one or more of the thematic learning objectives for the course. Thematic Learning Objectives The content learning objectives for the AP U.S. History course and exam are organized under seven themes, which are topics of historical inquiry to explore throughout the AP U.S. History course. Identity Work, exchange, and technology Peopling Politics and power America in the world Environment and geography — physical and human Ideas, beliefs, and culture New AP Test Format Section Question Type Number of Questions Part A: Multiple55 questions choice questions I II Part B: Shortanswer questions Part A: Documentbased question Part B: Long essay question Timing Percentage of Total Exam Score 55 minutes 40% 4 questions 50 minutes 20% 1 question 55 minutes 25% 1 question 35 minutes 15% Short-Answer Questions Each question will ask students to identify and analyze examples of historical evidence relevant to the source or question. Lack of understanding: Different legal systems, different punishments Evidence: A Native American murders an Englishman. Who has the authority to punish the offender and what will the punishment be? Both the Native Americans & the English feel they have the authority. Whereas the punishment by the Native Americans is 100 arms length of Roanoke (beads used for money), whereas the punishment probably would have been death according to the English. Different perspectives. Evidence: Europeans saw the Natives as savages and uncivilized. WHY? The Native Americans were not out to make progress, to gain economically from the land which was the motive of the Europeans. According to the Europeans, land = wealth and power! Also, they way they dressed, lived, and their polytheistic beliefs. Ethnocentric Europeans (the belief that your ethnic group or culture is superior) tried to “civilize” the NAs. They wanted the NAs to dress like them, attend white schools, live in permanent structures & accept Christianity. The NAs rejected these changes. NAs did not try to change the Europeans and therefore did not understand why the Europeans wanted to change them so badly. NA women rejected Christianity because their belief in polygamy gave them authority over the distribution of food within the village. Intermarriage – The English frowned upon it, but the French and Spanish accepted it. The European partner would live among the NAs. Europeans did try to enslave the Native Americans, but they fought back which was one reason Europeans looked for another source of labor. Trade caused the NAs to go into debt which made them have to hunt more and further reduce the population of the animals they were dependent on. Conflict between the two groups meant suspension of trade and the NAs had become dependent on the items they received from the Europeans. Disease ultimately destroyed many NA tribes as did alcoholism. In Summary… Early Native American societies grew in number as they adapted to their environment. Each band developed their own economic systems, religious beliefs, social system, political system, and culture. While there were over 300 different languages spoken, trading was understood by all. The Discovery of the New World Did Columbus discover the New World in 1492? Rather than a discovery, the Europeans under Columbus actually brought into contact 3 “old” worlds – Europe, Africa, & America. This contact is often called the Columbian Exchange. Spanish Exploration Spain was the #1 world power by 1500. How did this happen? The uniting of monarchs – Ferdinand & Isabella – created a centralized political authority. (Nation Building) Motives: God, gold, glory Ferdinand & Isabella financed Columbus and his voyages St. Augustine – the first permanent European settlement; a defensive base to ensure the safety of ships traveling from Cuba to Spain The Spanish intermarried with the Native Americans; were more tolerant of racial differences. Spanish Exploration cont. Established missions to spread Catholicism Bartolome de Las Casas, a Spanish priest who sought to convert Native Americans to Catholicism; reported that from 1494 to 1508 over 3 million (not an accurate count) had died from war, slavery, and the mines, with most having died from diseases (smallpox) The Spanish gained a lot of wealth which led to inflation. The money (wealth) was used to fund wars and not invest or industrialize so Spain became dependent on bullion (gold & silver) from the Americas. This misuse of funds led to their downfall. conquistadors Spanish for conqueror Conquistadors sought instant glory & wealth. Conquistadors did not want to establish permanent settlements. To gain control over the conquistadors, Isabella & Ferdinand granted Indian villages (land) to the conquistadors and gave them the right to use the Native Americans as laborers; basically exploiting the Native Americans. (the encomienda system) Amerigo Vespucci An Italian explorer who explored the coast of South America; like other explorers, Vespucci sought to prove that Columbus had discovered a “New World” Sailed for the Portuguese on his 2nd voyage. He described his travels and was the first to identify the New World of North and South America as separate from Asia. America was named after him Key Concept: European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic. New World Africa Maize/corn slaves Potatoes Tobacco tomatoes vanilla Cacao (kuh kah oh) Europe sugar horses, 1547 pigs, cattle diseases the wheel firearms New Spain Rivalry Spain & Portugal were rivals; began claiming each other’s lands which resulted in the Pope issuing the Treaty of Tordesillas which established the Line of Demarcation. All the land east of the line could be claimed by Portugal and all the land west of the line could be claimed by Spain. LINE OF DEMARCATION Africa 1st explored by the Portuguese who were looking for gold and for slaves The Portuguese were also the first to explore the Americas, searching for a water route to Asia Spanish & Portuguese exploration & conquest of the Americas led to widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans (Mestizo – a person of combined European & NA descent) French Exploration Explorers lacked support and adequate funding from the French crown. Motives: wealth, spread Christianity Became economic partners with the Native Americans (fur trade) Established settlements in New Orleans/LA, Canada – New France (Old Northwest territory) Few colonists, mostly men; built forts rather than establish colonies New France From Louisiana to Canada English Exploration England & Spain were rivals. Saw Native Americans as obstacles. Established independent farms. John Cabot – the 1st to explore for England (Hudson Bay area) was looking for a NW passage Exploration began under Elizabeth I Sea dogs/privateers/pirates – Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins – seized Spanish treasure ships Spanish Armada 1588 – English defeated it; set the way for the English to explore. First took over Ireland which shaped their way of colonizing and how they would treat the Native Americans. Taught them how to take lands and control the people. Encounter w/Native Americans – conquer & remake The Lost Colony (Sir Walter Raleigh) – 2 attempts were made to establish a colony in Roanoke which was doomed for failure from the start because it was difficult to reach & England was dealing with Spain and the Armada and Queen Elizabeth didn’t want to alienate Philip II unnecessarily by sponsoring a colony on land long ago claimed by Spain. Jamestown – 1st permanent English colony, 1607 Reasons to Explore Adventure Wealth God, gold, glory (Spanish) A new start in life Find a Northwest passage to Asia (common among all Europeans) To colonize To establish an empire To spread Christianity For religious freedom Factors that “enabled” Europeans to explore (p. 16) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Technology & knowledge – printing press, improved maps (cartography), knew the world was round Political authority was more centralized – new monarchs – the rise of nation states to replace kingdoms, thus ending feudalism The Renaissance – took place 1350-1550; the rebirth of learning which sparked curiosity & sparked a communications revolution – new inventions** Growth in population – led to the rise in the price of land The demand for luxury goods Europe became more prosperous The Renaissance 1350-1550 New technology/innovations such as: Cartography Compass – now they knew which direction their ship was moving Astrolabe – used the sun or a star to determine latitude Lateen or triangular sails Caravels – ships that were easy to maneuver & could carry cannon Gunpowder (China) led to the development of cannon & muskets so explorers no longer feared hostile natives in strange lands Printing press (1440s) – led to the wide distribution of maps, sea charts, travelers’ tales; increased geographic knowledge & aroused curiosity about distant countries