Download Ch 2 - Saugerties Central School

How it all began….
Events that led to Exploration
The Late Middle Ages:
The Roman Catholic Church
had great power in Europe
during the Middle Ages. Daily
life revolved around the rituals
of the Catholic church. The
Catholic Church was also the
center for learning. Outside the
members of the clergy, few
people even among the nobility,
were able to read or write.
The Late Middle Ages
The Crusades:
In 1095, Pope Urban II declared a
crusade, or holy war to win back
control of the region known as the
Holy Land, the land where Jesus
had lived and taught. There were 9
crusades over the next 200 years.
In the end, they failed to win
permanent control of the Holy Land
but the Crusades would help inspire
European exploration!
The Crusades:
 Important Long Term Effects:
 Put Europeans in contact with more advanced Muslim civilizations.
 Europeans were attracted to the rich goods they saw in the Holy Land
 They tasted new things like spices, oranges, peppers, and ginger.
 They also learned about advanced technology used for navigation.
 In time, the Crusades would help inspire Europeans to look overseas
for trade.
The Renaissance:
- Beginning in the 1300s, there was a rebirth of
learning in Europe called The Renaissance.
- European scholars and artists began to
reflect new interests and thinking's.
- Science & invention flourished; in the mid
1500s Gutenberg invented the Printing
Press.
- Using movable type the printing press
enabled a printer to produce large numbers
of identical books in a short amount of
time. This helped the ability to read become
more widespread.
- Ideas & Learning spread faster then before.
The Reformation:
 Not all Europeans were happy with the power
of the Catholic Church.
 In 1517, a monk named Martin Luther
demanded that the church reform. When his
demands were rejected, Luther rebelled and
he and his followers became known as the
Protestants, because they were protesting the
Catholic church.
 Many new protestant churches emerged. This
plunged Europe into a long series of violent
wars between the Catholics and Protestants.
Powerful New Monarchies arise:
 Spain
 Portugal
 France
 England
CH 2-1 Notes
VOCABULARY
 1. navigation: the science of locating the position
and plotting the course of ships.

 2. Circumnavigate: to travel around the entire earth.

 3. strait: A narrow passage that connects two large
bodies of water.

 4. compass: An instrument that shows direction.

 5. astronomy: The study of stars and planets. Helped
explorers with direction, weather, and keeping track
of time of year.
Factors that helped lead to
exploration:
The Crusade, Renaissance,
Reformation, the rise of European
powers and the expansion of trade
set the stage for an era of
exploration!
Factors that helped lead to exploration:
EVENT
HOW IT LED TO
EXPLORATION
1.
The Crusades
-Europeans learned about riches and goods
in other parts of the world.
2.
The Renaissance
- Learning and new invention became
important to more and more people.
3.
The Reformation
- Religious wars in Europe between the
Catholics and Protestants made people
want to look elsewhere for homes.
4.
Competing Nations
-Spain, Portugal, France, and England
began to compete for power.
- More land = More $ = More power
5.
Trade Expands
- Countries began looking for better, faster
trading routes.
Goals of exploration:

3 G’s =
1. GOLD
2. GLORY
3. GOD
Early explorers:
THE VIKINGS:
 First to reach North America in 1000 A.D.
 Vikings sailed from Greenland to North America led
by Leif Erikson
Early explorers:

Henry The Navigator :
 Prince of Portugal.
 Set up a Navigational School to teach math,
geography, and train sea captains about navigation
and mapmaking.
Early explorers:
3. Vasco da Gama:
 Portuguese sailor.
 Was the first to round the southern
tip of Africa and continue northeast
to India.
 This route became and important
trade route that helped boost
Portuguese wealth and power!
Early explorers:
4. Christopher Columbus:
 1492 he accidentally reached North America while
attempting to reach ASIA (The Indies Islands).
 He called the natives Indians. He believed he
successfully reached Asia!
 In 1492, Columbus set off
with three ships, the
Niña, Pinta, and Santa
María.
 He had underestimated
the distance of his
journey.
 Two months after setting
sail, he and his crew
landed in the Bahamas,
instead of Asia.
 Columbus had a crew of
90 men & boys.
 Columbus named the island San
Salvador “Holy Savior” and claimed it
for Spain
 This island is today part of the
Bahamas
 Columbus believed that he had landed
on one of the many islands in the
Indies off the coast of mainland China
as was described by Marco Polo
Early explorers:
5. Amerigo Vespucci:
 After sailing twice to the “New World” he realized it was not
Asia.
 A German mapmaker labled the region: “the Land of Amerigo”
 Which would later be shortened to America.
Early explorers:
6. Ferdinand Magellan:
 Went on the first voyage to circumnavigate the earth.
 Searching for a North-West passage.
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE:
A transfer of people, products, and ideas between the two
hemispheres.
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE:
A transfer of people, products, and ideas between the two
hemispheres.
DANGERS AT SEA:
 1. Bad Weather / Storms
 2. Starvation
 3. Getting Lost
 4. Piracy
 5. Mutiny
 6. Sea Monsters
CH 2-2 NOTES
Age of Exploration Continues…
NEW SPAIN
1500-1700
VOCAB:
 1. charter: an official government document that gives
certain rights to an individual or a group.
 2. merchant: A person who makes a living by buying and
selling goods.
 3. colony: A settlement ruled by people from another land.
 4. conquistador: a Spanish soldier-adventurer, conqueror.
 5. plantations: large farms worked by laborers who live on
the property.
 6. encomienda: Spanish land grants that included the right
to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans.
NEW SPAIN
1500-1700
IMPORTANT PEOPLE:
1. Hernando Cortes: Spanish conqueror of the Aztec
civilization.
2. Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire;
The largest Native Empire at the time.
3. Bartolome de Las Casas: Spanish priest who worked for
better treatment for Native Americans
FACTORS THAT LED TO SPANISH
VICTORY:
 1. Better weapons: Spanish had armor, muskets,
and cannons to easily defeat native spears and
bow and arrows.
 2. Horses: Spaniards brought over from Spain.
Native Americans had never seen this animal
before.
 3. Native American divisions: The Native groups
had many rivalries amongst one another, the
Spanish learned to use this for an advantage.
SPANISH COLONIES:
 In order to control it’s new empire, Spain created a formal
system of government to rules it’s colonies.
 - Native Americans became a source of labor (slaves) to the
Spanish settlers.
- They worked in mines, on ranches, and on plantations.
 - Native Americans were also forced to attend missions or
religious settlements/schools. The Spanish wanted to
convert the natives to Christianity.
 - When the Native death toll rose, Spanish looked to Africa
as a new source of labor. Thus by 1517, the Atlantic Slave
Trade had begun.
Spanish Social System
Peninsular: born in
Spain and came to live in
the New World
Creole: born in the New
World from Peninsular
parents.
Mestizos: born of Spanish
and Native American blood
Mulattos: born of
Spanish and African
blood
Spanish Social System:
 Peninsulares: Held mostly government jobs.
 Creoles: also help important positions. Many were
wealthy merchants or plantation owners
 Mestizos: Could achieve economic success as ranchers,
farmers, or lower merchants but could never enter into
upper levels of society.
 Mulattos: were held at the bottom of society.
CH 2-3 & 2-4 NOTES:
EUROPEANS COMPETE
FOR POWER IN NORTH AMERICA
VOCABULARY:
1. MERCANTALISM_: The idea that colonies exist to make the home country
wealthy and powerful.
2. North-West Passage_: A waterway through or around North America.
3. Missionary: A person who goes to another land to convert people to a
religion.
4. Alliance: An agreement between nations to aid (help) and protect on another.
MAIN IDEAS:
→► Due to RELIGIOUS tensions/differences in Europe, nations could
not count on one another as trading partners.
→► Thus, European nations more then ever looked to set up
COLONIES, or settlements in the “New World”.
→► They hoped the goods from those colonies would make them
wealthy and powerful!
(MERCANTALISM)
NEW FRANCE
► Colonies in the “New World” claimed by France were known as New
France.
► New France locations:
1. French explorers focused on areas of what is today CANADA
in the north. Specifically they settled along the St. Lawrence River.
□ SAMUEL De CHAMPLAIN was the
French founder of this colony
and called it Quebec.
NEW FRANCE CONTINUED…
2. French explorers also discovered
and claimed the area all along
the MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
□ They named this region
LOUISIANA after
King Louis XIV (14th).
► Life in New France:
□ French settlers profited from
being TRAPPERS (fish & furs).
□ They treated the Native Americans
as ALLIES (friends) and trading partners
(unlike the Spanish, who were bad to the natives).
NEW NETHERLANDS:
► Dutch land claims in North America were based
on HENRY HUDSON’s exploration of the Hudson
River. They heard tales of the bountiful natural
resources.
►Dutch traders were very successful trading with the
NATIVE AMERICANS so they established a permanent
colony.
□ They called this colony NEW NETHERLAND
(this is what is today New York!)
□ To expand their control of trade in the area, the
Dutch governor Peter Minuit purchased the island at
the tip of the Hudson from Native Americans, he
called this island NEW AMSTERDAM.
(what is today NYC / Manhattan!)
New Netherlands
New York???
► ENGLAND became jealous of the Dutch colony.
In 1664, under the leadership of the King’s brother the
DUKE OF YORK, England will seize and take over New
Netherland!
□ It was renamed in the
Duke’s honor- NEW YORK.
COLONIAL IMPACT ON NATIVE AMERICANS:
1. Diseases spread, killing many of the Native
population
2. Sacred Land was taken. Natural resources were
taken.
3. Natives were forced to convert to Christianity.