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Ch. 15: Section I: Europe Looks Outward (Pages 336-342) This section is about: How the Polo family’s travels to China encouraged European interest in the East and led to the search for direct trade routes to the area as well as the arrival of Christian missionaries from Europe. How technological advancements encouraged exploration during this time. •The Renaissance and Reformation were a big time in the history of the world – big changes come during/afterwards. •We can see that in what the book has on page 336. •Let’s also look at the picture on those pages. •We should also look at the timeline. Europe Looks Outward Look at the Main Ideas on page 338. And… look at the “Active Reading” at the top right of the page. Since ancient times, people in Europe and Asia tried to trade with each other – and look for the easiest ways to get commodities back and forth. Before the big boats, they used caravans – across the land. By the 1200’s, the Silk Road had been around for a while and trade also included stops in the Middle East and their markets. (things that can be bought or sold – or even just things of value) Italian Traders Reach Europe In 1260, Niccolo and Maffeo Polo traveled to the western edge of the Mongol Empire. In 1265, part of their group decided to go further. This group had a chance to visit the court of Kublai Kahn – and see firsthand the city they had heard great stories about (Cathay had walls of silver and towers of gold). The Polo brothers became friends with Kublai Kahn and became his ambassadors. (spokesmen) They even carried letters back to the pope. On their next trip, they brought their son, Marco Polo. Have you ever been somewhere special, liked it so much that you told all your friends they should go there? That’s what the Polo’s did. Tales of the East The Polos stayed in China for 17 years. Marco took notes about what he saw and experienced. Back in Venice he wrote a book: The Travels of Marco Polo. He wrote: Cathay’s capital had “everything that is most rare and valuable in all parts of the world” And about Japan – which had a palace with “gold in the greatest abundance.” Looking for New Trade Routes (High Prices for Eastern Goods) In the 1300’s, Europeans used spices to season and preserve food (cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, pepper) and also used in cosmetics and perfumes and in medicines. Goods had to go through many “middle men” to get back and forth, so they ended up being expensive. A cheaper way than all the trading was direct trade – if they could find a direct and safe route. (1598) Dangerous Land Routes When the Mongols ruled (controlled) Asia, things were pretty safe. When their empire broke up, no-one could promise a safe trip through Asia and the Middle east. And, the Ottoman Turks (Muslims) saw these European Christian traders and “nonbelievers.” By 1453, the Ottomans had blocked most trade routes to Europeans (Constantinople was open, but they controlled it). Spreading Christianity Missionaries Head East Besides trade, Europeans also wanted to travel east – to spread Christianity For religious reasons (save souls) and for political reasons – to have more Christians to fight the Muslims. Monks had been traveling the same roads as Marco Polo – to try and convert the Mongols in the area. Several monks did end up visiting China (some staying most of the rest of their lives) Voyages with Several Purposes Europeans started their voyages of exploration during the time of the Renaissance. This was a time of great curiosity and independent thinking and action. It was also a time of new technologies – many centering around new ships and their navigation Page 341 (in “ “) – by Vasco da Gama: “… to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” We usually call this: G, G, & G God, Glory, and Gold Tools for Navigation The two most important sailing tools of the 1400’s: A magnetic compass: helped point out direction. An astrolabe: figured out latitude (their distance north/south of the equator). They also began to get more detailed charts and maps to help their navigation (course of a ship). They could explore some more and then make new maps of uncharted territories. Ships for Long Trips There were 2 types of 15th Century Ships: The Long Ship and the Round Ship A Long Ship had oars and sails: fast and easy to handle, but needed a large crew and had little room for anything else. Round Ship: sail power, less costly to run, and lots of storage for food/weapons. Also stronger and better in stormy weather. There was a special type of a Round Ship… The Caravel Was a small, light ship with triangular sails. It was easy to move about in changing winds and ocean currents. With the sails, it could also sail into the wind. It could also carry heavy weapons along it’s sides. But, they did require deep harbors, which many ports in Europe had to expand. …. Ch. 15: Section II: Portugal Leads the Way (Pages 344-349) This section is about: How Prince Henry the Navigator sent out explorers, including Vasco da Gama, to seek a trade route to the East around the African continent. The trading empires established by the Portuguese, English, Dutch, Spanish, and French in the East. Giant Statue Commemorating Exploration in Lisbon, Portugal There are two big exploration names in the “Main Ideas” on page 344. We should look at the map on page 348: let’s see which countries we’re looking at in this section? Have you ever been part of a group who wanted to do something special? And… maybe you even became the leader or helped out in a special way? That’s some of what this section’s about. Exploration Under Henry the Navigator The Portuguese were the first Europeans to look for a sea route to Asia. Over a 40 year period (1419-1459), Prince Henry sent out many expeditions. He also supported research in navigation and boat design. So… people call him Henry the Navigator. A Sailing Study Center Prince Henry set up a “school” for the best sailors, geographers, shipbuilders, mapmakers, astronomers and makers of tools. These were the people who designed the caravels (last section). Henry had many reasons for all this: He was curious about the world. Navigation and shipbuilding fascinated him. He wanted to find direct routes for trade. He wanted to use his knowledge to oppose the power of the Muslims. Down the African Coast Henry sent out many expeditions (reaching the Azores was first). He kept sending people to explore further and further along the coast of Africa, naming capes, bays and rivers as he went. But, they found trading with the Africans was disappointing (only fish, seal oil and sealskins). He wanted more and knew there was more. ……… There were much more valuable commodities further south and in the Middle East (gold dust, ivory, pepper, and slaves). Eventually he got far enough to get some of these – and set up the first overseas European trading post. By the time Henry died in 1460, they had gotten all the way to the Congo River Towards the Indian Ocean After Henry he Navigator died, exploration slowed down some. Without Henry’s support, sailors weren’t as good, and many were worried about unsafe exploration. But some forts were built for protection, including one by King John II in Guinea. Bartolomeu Dias Rounds Africa King John sent out more expeditions to see if they could get the rest of the way around Africa. In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias (and 3 ships) sailed – and soon encountered horrible weather. They weren’t even sure of where they were going, so his men convinced him to turn around. As they were heading back to Portugal, they realized they had passed the southern tip of Africa. At first Dias called it “The Cape of Storms” but the Portuguese king decided to call it “The Cape of Good Hope.” It did prove there was a chance to go all the way around Africa Vasco da Gama Sails to India The Portuguese were still determined to get to Asia by sailing around Africa. 10 years later (1497), Vasco da Gama set sail (4 ships/170 sailors) with the goal of reaching Calcutta, India. He had the newest maps, tools, and tables of the time. He passed the rough seas of The Cape of Good Hope – and kept going, staying close to land until they hit Mozambique. He finally made it (months later). In 1499, 2 of his ships came back to Portugal, filled with pepper, cinnamon, and spices. His proof that Europe could get to India by sea had a great impact on politics and business of the time. Trading Empires The Portuguese mainly explored because it was their way to get rich. In western Africa they quickly took control of the gold trade. They also built trading posts with forts. But not in East Africa and India. In the Indian Ocean area, trade was controlled by the Arabs The Portuguese Take Control When they went back to the Indian Ocean (after Vasco da Gama’s expedition), they brought force (a fleet of ships to stand guard, and bases for their ships). The Arabs didn’t like that and decided to attack, but the Portuguese had better ships and beat the Arabs. Only 15 years after da Gama’s trip, the Portuguese controlled all the Indian Ocean. They next started trade and posts all the way to eastern China and Japan Power Shifts in the East Portugal’s trading empire began to break up about 1580. Henry the Navigator and King John were gone for over 100 years. Spain was beginning to become wealthy and powerful. They even split up some lands they both wanted in the Americas – in the Treaty of Tordesillas … Other European countries also wanted to trade in those areas. In the 1600’s, trade was controlled by companies (not countries) like the East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. These companies were controlled by shareholders, who provided the company with money. Over the next 60 years, the Dutch took control of many Portuguese trading territories. By 1641, the Dutch controlled the spice trade. At the same time, the English and the French were starting to gain more power. …