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The European Age of Exploration “Old Imperialism” and The Birth of the Global Economy The Motives Fantastic lands Economic Motives Religious Zeal 5/22/2017 John 3:16 2 Fantastic Lands The Travels of John Mandeville Spoke of 30 foot giants Spoke of man-eating people Mysterious Christian kingdoms Mandeville had never traveled there 5/22/2017 John 3:16 3 Fantastic Lands The Polos of Venice: Niccolo, Maffeo, and Niccolo’s son, Marco Traveled to the court of Mongol leader, Khubilia Khan Marco’s experiences in Travels Economic Motives Expanding the economic themes of the Renaissance, merchants, adventurers, and government officials were interested in direct route to the East -Spices -Precious metals -New areas of trade Arab Intermediaries were expensive 5/22/2017 John 3:16 5 Economic Motives The conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the breakdown of the Mongol Empire closed the door over land No more Silk Road Europeans now became interested in reaching eastern land by sea Christopher Columbus has copy of Marco Polo’s Travels when his Atlantic vision of a voyage began 5/22/2017 John 3:16 6 Religious Zeal A crusading mentality, particularly with Spain and Portugal, to bring Christianity to the “heathens” Prince Henry, the Navigator, said to be motivated by “his great desire to make increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and bring him to all the souls that should be saved” 5/22/2017 John 3:16 7 Religious Zeal Hernan Cortez, conqueror of Mexico, saw it as his duty to instruct the natives in the “holy Catholic faith” Spiritual and secular affairs both played a part in the desire to conquer new lands Money, glory, intellectual curiosity, and spirit of adventure all played a role as well 5/22/2017 John 3:16 8 The Means Money Maps Ships and Sailing 5/22/2017 John 3:16 9 Money Growth of central monarchies during Renaissance increased authority and resources Permitted nations to turn their energies beyond their borders 5/22/2017 John 3:16 10 Three Major Countries France—invasion of Italy Portugal—going abroad Spain—both Europe and beyond 5/22/2017 Wealth and technology enables three countries to look beyond borders John 3:16 11 Maps Portolani (charts) of medieval navigators and mathematicians in 13th and 14th centuries were better than maps More details of coastal regions and distances Drawn of flat scale—no consideration for earth’s curve Good for short journeys only 5/22/2017 John 3:16 12 Maps When seafarers began to venture away from coasts Travel risks had to be taken before quality maps were available knowledge of the world’s shape increased By end of 15th century, maps were fairly accurate 5/22/2017 John 3:16 13 Ships and Sailing New seaworthy ships developed by Europeans -Axial rudders—import from China -Lateen sails -Square rig 5/22/2017 John 3:16 14 Ships and Sailing Mobil for warfare Could sail against wind Carry heavy cannon Quadrant was useless below the equator— depended on position of Pole Star Compass and astrolabe helped Wind patterns learned 5/22/2017 John 3:16 15 Causes Summed up: Christian Crusaders in 11th to 13th centuries created European interest in Asia and Middle East Mongol domination of central Asia disrupted flow of goods over the Silk Road routes after conquest of Constantinople in 1453 Desire to spread Christian religion; Francis Xavier Catholic missionary in 16th c. Rise of nation states (“New Monarchs”) resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration Portugal and Spain sought to break the Italian (Venetian) monopoly on trade with Asia. Technology facilitated sea travel: astrolabe, better maps Impact of Renaissance: search for knowledge, adventurism, monopoly of Italian trade with East Portugal: Explorers Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460): financed exploration, established schools Bartholomew Diaz (1450-1500): rounded southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama (1469-1525): route to India Portugal: Explorers Alphonso d’Albuquerque (1453-1515): advanced the three-fold Portuguese grand scheme of combating Islam, spreading Christianity and securing the trade of spices and the establishment of a vast Portuguese Asian empire: Governor,Captain-General of the Seas of India, Viceroy of India, First Duke of Goa Pedro Cabral (1467-1520): The discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. Establish trade relations in India after De Gama Amerigo Vespucci: Martin Waldseemüller named the new continent America after the navigator and Map maker that first suggested America was not part of India but an entire different continent Cartography Martin Behaim (1459-1507) and Schoner Martin Waldseemuller – created map in 1507 based on Amerigo Vespuci’s voyages – gave name “America” SPANISH EXPLORATION Spain had the largest overseas empire. Christopher Columbus Italian Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain(1451-1506) – pursuing western route to Asia Columbus: 1492: Sailed to find a water route to India but landed in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Sailed to Cuba Three more voyages brought Spanish colonization to the Caribbean region. New Voyages Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521): Sailed through strait name for him Across Pacific to Philippines Killed by Philippine natives Only 1 of 5 ships returned to Spain First circumnavigation of the globe , Journey took 3 Years John 3:16 21 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish expedition under Hernando Cortez landed at Veracruz People had grown tired of Aztec rule Cortez made allies with some states Upon arriving in Tenochtitlan, the Aztec leader, Moctezuma, mistook him for a god who had departed and had now returned John 3:16 22 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma received Cortez graciously and heaped gifts of gold and other items on him—Moctezuma being filled with fear Spaniards wore out their welcome and within a year the local natives attempted to expel them Spaniards fled but Aztec people fell dead by the thousand from smallpox 5/22/2017 John 3:16 23 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Aztec people had no natural immunity Cortez received fresh soldiers, 50,000 alone from Tlaxcala After 4 months, Cortez entered the city and saw the devastation of the disease Spanish committed great destruction Leveled pyramids, temples, and palaces Used stones to build government buildings Rivers and canals filled in Between 1531-1550, Spanish controlled northern Mexico 24 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro landed on Pacific coast of South America December 1530 Had 180 men, steel weapons, gunpowder and horses, all unknown to Incas 5/22/2017 John 3:16 25 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire The Incans had already been devastated by smallpox and were in the middle of a civil war All good news for Pizarro 5/22/2017 John 3:16 26 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire Pizarro’s troops, including many Incan allies, and technology overwhelmed the Inca He executed the leader of the Inca Pizarro established Lima as the capital of new colony 5/22/2017 John 3:16 27 SPANISH EXPORATION Ponce de Leon: 1512: Landed in Florida looking for gold and the fountain of youth--found neither. Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1517): cross the Isthmus of Panama, first European to see the Pacific Ocean Bartholomew de Las Cases: led missionaries to the New World and protested slavery and the poor treatment of the Indians. Mestizos: mixed white and Indian descent Creoles: American-born Spaniards. Encomienda system: Indians worked for owner certain # days per week; retained other parcels to work for themselves. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Line of Demarcation established by Pope Alexander VI (Spaniard) in 1493 between Portuguese and Spanish territories. Renegotiated by King John II of Portugal and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to be moved 270 leagues further west. Establish Spanish domination in the New World and Portuguese domination in Asia for the next century NEW RIVALS ON THE WORLD STAGE In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain had been the first Atlantic nations to take advantage of the Age of Exploration. In the 17th century, England, France, and the Dutch would move forward to replace the Portuguese and Spanish, impacting much of the rest of the world. 5/22/2017 John 3:16 30 DUTCH & SWEDISH EXPLORATION Hudson: 1609: Dutch: explored New York, Delaware, NY Bay, & Hudson River Valley. Colonization. Establishment of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island Tasman: discovered Australia & New Zealand. Worked for Dutch E. India Co. in the mid-1600’s Dutch explorers took over many Portuguese colonies in the far east in the 1600’s 1638-1655: Sweden claimed the lower Delaware Bay Region. FRENCH EXPLORATION Giovanni da Verrazano (1480-1527): explored northern Atlantic coast of modern-day U.S. Discovered the Hudson river & with Cartier, claimed Canada for France. Samuel de Champlain: “Father of New France” explored the St. Lawrence Valley LaSalle: explored the Mississippi Valley Marquette & Joliet: Explored the great lakes region France moved into Canada, W. Indies, and Louisiana. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557): search for Northwest Passage (explored Canada) England John Cabot: (1425-1500) 1497 & 1498: 2 trips to find the NW passage. Explored Newfoundland Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596): led English “sea dogs” against Spanish shipping raiding Spanish galleons circumnavigated the globe Sir Martin Frobisher (1535-1594): northeastern Canadian coast Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), Roanoke Settlement, Attempted to colonize Virginia Cook: explored Australia and New Zealand-claimed it for the British Africa: The Slave State Originally, explorers were trying to sail around Africa, but soon discovered they could prosper by exploring Africa itself The Portuguese had built trading forts along the west coast, to be seized later by Dutch 5/22/2017 John 3:16 34 Africa: The Slave State Dutch East India Trading Company established by government sponsorship Established settlement at Cape of Good Hope Re-supply point for Dutch ships sailing to Spice Islands Developed into permanent colony Dutch farmers (Boers) settled outside Cape Town 5/22/2017 John 3:16 35 Africa: The Slave Trade Coastal colonies did not effect most of native African living inland People living on or near the coast, however, were impacted During the 16th thru the 18th centuries, millions of Africans were taken as slaves and moved to the New World 5/22/2017 John 3:16 36 Origins of the Slave Trade Traffic in slaves was nothing new Had been practiced in Africa since ancient times By the 15th century, it was continuing at a steady level Primary market had been in Middle East 5/22/2017 John 3:16 37 Origins of the Slave Trade Portuguese began replacing European slaves with those from Africa About 1000 slaves per year delivered to Portugal Most wound up as domestic servants to wealthy Europeans 5/22/2017 John 3:16 38 Origins of the Slave Trade Two things that changed the slave trade Discovery of Americas Planting of sugar cane in South America and the Caribbean 5/22/2017 John 3:16 39 Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar caner introduced from Middle East to Europeans during Crusades Portuguese established sugar plantations off African coast Extended plantations to eastern Brazil and the Caribbean Indian populations decimated by disease 5/22/2017 John 3:16 40 Origins of the Slave Trade Better climate in Brazil and Caribbean for sugar cane than in Africa African slaves shipped to South America and Caribbean First African slave shipments occured from Portugal First African slave shipments directly from Africa was via a Spanish ship 5/22/2017 John 3:16 41 Growth of the Slave Trade Next two centuries saw triangular trade connecting Europe, Africa, and American continents European ships carried manufactured goods (guns, gin, cloth) to Africa in trade for slaves Slaves were shipped to Americas for farm goods (tobacco, rum, coffee, cotton, etc) Ships returned to Europe with goods 5/22/2017 John 3:16 42 Triangular Trade 5/22/2017 John 3:16 43 Growth of the Slave Trade Time Frame 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century Note: About half transported in British ships, the rest in French, Dutch, Portuguese, Danish, later, American 5/22/2017 Numbers of Slaves 275,000 1,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000 Note: About 5% were shipped to the United States John 3:16 44 Growth of the Slave Trade Journey of slaves from Africa is known as the Middle Passage The high death rate was one reason for so many being shipped Closely packed, 300-450 per ship Chained in holds without sanitary conditions Trip lasted 100 days; 10% death rate Death rates higher once at destination 5/22/2017 John 3:16 45 Middle Passage 5/22/2017 John 3:16 46 Growth of Slave Trade Death rates lower for slaves born in New World—immunity from diseases Slaves not encouraged to have children— buying slaves cheaper than raising them Europeans first bought slaves at slave markets by trading gold, guns, textiles, etc. 5/22/2017 John 3:16 47 Growth of Slave Trade There have always been those who have stated their concerns about slavery Letter from King of the Congo to King of Portugal, “So great, sire, is the corruption and licentiousness that out country is being completely depopulated” Europeans and Africans ignored protests— local African rulers saw slavery as income 5/22/2017 John 3:16 48 Growth of Slave Trade African middle men— merchants, local elites, or rulers—were active in the process Often able to dictate price and number of slaves to Europeans Payment to slave merchant was often made in textiles, furniture, and guns 5/22/2017 John 3:16 49 Effects of the Slave Trade Tragic effects on slaves and their families Cheap manufactured from Europe undermined the local cottage industries, forcing people into poverty African communities deprived of best young men and women 5/22/2017 John 3:16 50 Effects of the Slave Trade African wars over slaves Decline in the quality and character of African states Europeans continued to view blacks as inferior 5/22/2017 John 3:16 51 Effects of the Slave Trade For a long time, the use of African slaves was acceptable to Western society The Society of Friends (Quakers) began to criticize slavery in 1770s Radical stage of French Revolution abolished slavery in 1790s British followed the French in 1807 Slavery continued in the U.S. until 1860s 5/22/2017 John 3:16 52 China Portuguese drop anchor at China 1514 First time since Marco Polo China was most magnificent civilization on earth at that time 5/22/2017 John 3:16 53 The Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming had conquered Mongolia and extended into Vietnam Suffering of epidemic caused uprising Revolt led by Li Zicheng Last Ming ruler committed suicide Manchus of Manchuria defeated Li Created a new dynasty: Qing (pure) 5/22/2017 John 3:16 54 The Ming and Qing Dynasties Qing blessed with good rulers Good economy Restored peace Two monarchs: Kangxi and Qianlong • Responsible for greatness of Manchu China 5/22/2017 John 3:16 55 Western Inroads By 1750s, China was showing strains of military campaigns and population pressure for land Meanwhile, European nations were growing strong and putting pressure on China Russia and China had trade agreement for furs and skins 5/22/2017 John 3:16 56 Western Inroads England was replacing Portugal as the main European country trading with China England operated through the East India Company, establishing its first trading post at Canton in 1699 Qing limited contact with the British, keeping them outside city limits and limiting timeframe for trade 5/22/2017 John 3:16 57 Western Inroads By the 18th century, the British wanted more access The British were rejected by the Chinese and China would later pay for its protectionist policy 5/22/2017 John 3:16 58 Japan After being near anarchy in the 15th century, the 16th century saw Japan achieve unification Under shogun general Tokugawa Ieyasu Most powerful and longest lasting 5/22/2017 John 3:16 59 Opening to the West Portuguese first European to land at Japanese ports in 1543 Francis Xavier converted some Japanese to Christianity 5/22/2017 John 3:16 60 Opening to the West Initially, visitors were welcome—the Japanese being curious about European goods and using weapons and firearms to defeat enemies and unify islands 5/22/2017 John 3:16 61 Opening the West When missionaries interfered with local politics, Tokugawa expelled them European traders were also expelled except for a small contingent of Dutch 5/22/2017 John 3:16 62 The Americas In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal had established colonies in the Americas By the 17th century, the British, French, and Dutch also sought colonial empires in the New World 5/22/2017 John 3:16 63 The Americas Spain and Portugal The West Indies The British and the French The “Sugar Factories” North America The Dutch • New Netherlands The English • Jamestown (1607) • Thirteen Colonies The French • Canada The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa Less impact in Asia Multiracial society in Latin America Catholic Missionaries Conversion of native populations Hospitals, orphanages and schools The Jesuits in Asia Conversions in China Japan The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors Opportunities for women Economic effects Gold and Silver Exchange of plants and animals Columbian Exchange Impact on European lifestyle Chocolate, Coffee and Tea European rivalries New views of the world Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map Psychological impact Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Joint stock trading companies New economic institutions • The Bank of Amsterdam • Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) Agriculture Mercantilism Total volume of trade unchangeable Economic activity = war through peaceful means Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade State intervention Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization Transoceanic trade very valuable Intra European trade Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas Conclusion At the time, exploration seen as positive Introduce “heathens” to Christ Expanded trade Crop exchanges The best with the worst Greedy plundering Repression Slavery Europeans saw their culture as worthy of exportation throughout the world 5/22/2017 John 3:16 70