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America Before Columbus & Early European Exploration But First… North America • The “Land Bridge” – 40,000 years ago??? Is it correct? Cultures of North America • In 1492… estimates: fewer than 1 million to more than 10 million inhabitants • Most settlements semi-permanent, fewer than 300 people • Agriculture: corn, beans, tobacco, etc. • Hunting for nomadic tribes Larger Native Societies • Pueblos in the Southwest Larger Native Societies • Mound builders (Cahokia – 30,000!) Larger Native Societies • Woodland natives east of Mississippi River (e.g. League of the Iroquois) Central & South America • Maya (300AD-800AD) Central & South America • Aztec Central & South America • Inca Now… Europe Why and how did they explore the Americas? Improvements in Technology • Renaissance artistic & scientific creativity – Use of gunpowder, compass, improved ships & maps – Printing press spread ideas across Europe Religious Conflict • Reconquista - Catholic victory in Spain over Muslims – Ferdinand & Isabella marry, unite Spain – Reconquest finished in 1492 Religious Conflict • Protestant Reformation (revolt) in Northern Europe splits the Church • Protestants & Catholics desire to spread their religion across the world Developing Nation-States • Monarchs gaining power in Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands • Need revenue to run their countries need for trade Expanding Trade • Increased trade w/ Africa, India, China • Italians & Ottoman Turk middle men • Others sought new route to avoid middlemen Portugal Gets It Going… • Prince Henry the Navigator • Vasco de Gama India Spain Takes the Lead • Columbus gains funding from Spain to search for a westward passage to Asia Dividing the World Conflict between Catholic countries over colonies resolved Spanish Explorations & Conquests • • • • • Balboa Panama/Pacific Ocean Magellan Circumnavigate the world Cortez Aztecs Pizzaro Incas Conquistadores – Increased World’s gold supply by 500%! – Encomienda System (Native Americans) – Asiento system (African Slaves) Other Explorers English Claims • Henry VIII and Elizabeth I challenge Spain • John Cabot explored Newfoundland 1497 • Sir Francis Drake & Sir Walter Raleigh England defeats the Spanish Armada French Claims • Cartier and Verrazano explore the east coast and St. Lawrence River, claim for France • Busy repressing the French Huguenots (Calvinists/Protestants) • Samuel de Champlain established Quebec 1608 “New France” • Louis Jolliet, Jacques Marquette, Robert de la Salle add Mississippi River region Dutch Claims • Henry Hudson sought Northwest Passage, claimed Hudson River for the Netherlands New Amsterdam/New Netherlands • Dutch West India (joint-stock) Company takes charge of New Netherlands English and French Claims - 1645 Plymouth Jamestown The Columbian Exchange • Europeans and Native Americans had developed differently for 1000s of years • Contact led to an exchange of plants, foods, diseases (est. 90% casualty rate) • Significant, permanent changes to the WORLD
