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FOUNDING OF THE AMERICAS NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES • Corn!!! • All large native American societies were based around maize • Meso-American Societies • Human sacrifice and astronomy • Pueblos (Anasazis) • Irrigation system and pueblos (villages) • Cohokia • Mound builders NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES • Algonquin and Iroquois (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas) • Three Sisters farming- beans, corn and squash around 1000 CE (south east onlynorth east hard to farm) • Many distinct societies, similar language • Many political organizations chiefdoms or confederacies • Powhatan Chiefdom • Iroquois confederacy (no chiefs) • Matriarchal Societies NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES • Horses • Introduced in the mid to late 1500s • Some tribes moved from agriculture back to hunting buffalo • Gave certain tribes power over others • Comanche, Sioux (black hills), and the Crow • Trade • Tribes that specialized traded to get other resources • Ex: Navajos and Apaches would trade with the Pueblo every year, exchange hide and meat for maize, pottery, and cotton • War captives would also be traded as slaves INDIRECT DISCOVERIES • Lief Erikson • 1000 CE, Newfoundland • The crusades • Made Europe aware of all the awesome stuff they were missing out on- sugar! EUROPEANS ENTER AFRICA • Marco Polo, 1295- stimulated a cheaper route to the east • Caravel- allows Europeans to return home after sailing south along the coast of Africa • Could now sub-Saharan Africa could be “discovered”- gold • Portuguese dominate trade with Africa- including slaves • Sugar plantations off the coast of Africa (Madeira, the Canaries, Sau Tome, and the Principe) EUROPEANS ENTER AFRICA • Plantation System started on these islands • Portuguese pushed south along the coast looking for a water route to Asia • Vasco de Gama, 1498 reached India by going around Africa SPAIN JOINS THE RACE • Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united Spain • Newfound strength COLUMBUS!!! • Changing politics, new technology, and the renaissance • Spain now had the unity, wealth and power to compete with Portugal • Columbus=most successful failure in history • Columbian Exchange COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE CONQUEST OF MEXICO AND PERU • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • West Indies • Sugar plantations and base for invading th mainland • Encomienda System • Bartolome de las casas • Hernan Cortes (1519)- from Cuba to Mexico • Moctezuma- Aztec Chieftan • Noche Triste- June 30, 1520 CONQUEST OF MEXICO AND PERU • Francisco Pizarro • Incas in 1532 • Increase in gold=increase in money supply in Europe=the beginning of capitalism • Not just death • Crops, animals, language, customs, and religion • Mestizos EXPLORATION AND IMPERIAL RIVALRY • Conquistadores • • • • Vasco Nunez Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Juan Ponce de Leon Francisco Coronado • Others getting jealous • English- John Cabot • French- Jacques Cartier • St. Augustine, 1565- to protect Spanish land EXPLORATION AND IMPERIAL RIVALRY • Spain began to fortify and settle its new land • Rio Grande Valley- Don Juan de Onate • Abused Pueblo natives • Battle of Acoma- proclaimed province of New Mexico in 1609- Santa Fe • Missionaries tried to supress native religious customs • Pope’s Rebellion (1680) • Spain comes back in 50 years but is more tolerant of native customs DIFFERENCES IN COLONIZATION • Spanish- larger and richer, lasted longer, intermarried with natives, and adopted some indigenous culture
