Download Chapter 19 – An Age of Exploration and Isolation

EARLY EXPLORATION
BEGINNING IN THE LATE 1400S
Portugal’s Advances
FACTORS ENCOURAGING
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
• Factors:
• Europeans Seek Greater Wealth
• Trade spices and other luxury goods from Asia
• Italian merchants controlled the land routes to
Asia, so other Europeans had to find a sea route
• The Spread of Christianity
• Felt they had a duty to convert no-Christians
throughout the world
• Technological Advances
• Made exploration possible
• Caravel – could sail against the wind and was
sturdier
• Astrolabe – using rings to sight the stars, a sea
captain could tell how far north or south of the
equator he was
PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY
• Prince Henry
• Determined to reach
the wealth of the
east, so in 1419,
Henry found a
navigation school
• By the time Henry
died, Portuguese
traders had moved
down the western
coast of Africa
GETTING AROUND AFRICA
• In 1488, Portuguese
captain Bartolomeu Dias
ventured down the
coast of Africa until he
reached the tip
• But the captain returned
home
• In 1498, Vasco da
Gama reached the port
of Calicut, India
• First direct sea rout to India
Spain’s Envy
SPAIN ENVIOUS
• Spain watched
Portugal with envy
• In 1492, an Italian sea
captain, Christopher
Columbus,
convinced Spain to
fund a route to Asia
by sailing west across
the Atlantic Ocean
Columbus’s Voyage
• Arrived on Hispaniola on
October 12, 1492
• Called the inhabitants los indios
• Translates to Indians
• In early 1493, Columbus
returned to Spain
• Recounted his tale to the Spanish
monarchs
• Spain funded three more
journeys
• Intended to transform the islands
of the Caribbean to colonies
• Colonies – lands that are
controlled by another nation
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
• Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
• A north to south line that split the world so that Spain would
not encroach on Portugal’s land
• Gave most of the Americas, except for Brazil, to Spain
SPAIN BUILDS AN EMPIRE
• In 1519, Hernando Cortes
landed on the shores of
Mexico
• Known as a conquistador, or
conqueror
• Cortes learned of the vast
and wealthy Aztec Empire
• Montezuma II believed Cortes to be
an armor-clad god
• In 1521, the Spaniards finally
conquered the Aztecs and
toppled their empire.
PIZARRO CONQUERS THE INCAS
• In 1532, Francisco
Pizarro marched into
South America
• Pizarro and 200 men met
Atahualpa who
commanded a force of
30,000
• Crushed the Inca force
and captured Atahualpa
• Pizarro received a ransom
for Atahualpa and then
killed him
• Pizarro finally attacked
the capital of Cuzco
and defeated the Inca
Empire
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• Marriage between Spanish settlers and native
women was common
• Created a large mestizo population
• Forced the Native Americans to labor within a
system known as encomienda
• Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords
BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS
• “There is nothing more
detestable or cruel
than the tyranny which
the Spaniards use
toward the Indians for
the getting of
[riches].”
• Bartolome Las Casas
• Las Casas pushed for
the use of Africans
• Something that would
become more prevalent
FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND
DUTCH CLAIMS
EARLY FRENCH EXPLORERS
• In 1534, Jacques
Cartier sailed down the
river the St. Lawrence
and founded Montreal
• In 1608, Samuel de
Champlain sailed the
same rived and founded
Quebec
• Created New France
• France’s colonial empire
in North America
THE LUCRATIVE FUR TRADE
• In 1672
• Sieur de La Salle
sailed down the river
Mississippi River and
claimed in for France
by calling the area
Louisiana
• Helped spur New
France’s main
economic activity
• The fur trade
ENGLISH SETTLE JAMESTOWN
• In 1607, settlers reached
the coast of Virginia and
created the settlement
Jamestown
• Settlers were first more
interested in finding gold
than planting crops
• Jamestown’s Importance
• Jamestown would soon
become England’s first
permanent settlement in
North America
• Main cash crop would
become tobacco
JAMESTOWN SKETCH
PURITANS SAIL FOR THE AMERICAS
• In 1620, the Pilgrims founded a second
English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts
THE DUTCH AND NEW NETHERLAND
• In 1609
• Henry Hudson
explored the Hudson
River, the Hudson
Bay, and the Hudson
Strait
• Created New
Netherland
• The Dutch holdings in
North America
ENGLISH PUSH FOR
DOMINANCE
THE ENGLISH OUST THE DUTCH
• Problem:
• New Netherland separated England’s north and south
colonies
• Solution:
• In 1664, Charles II told his brother the Duke of York to drive
out the Dutch
• He renamed it New York
ENGLAND BATTLES FRANCE
• Problem:
• England pushed west on
the continent of North
America and collided
with France’s North
American holdings
• Solution:
• French and Indian War
• A conflict that began in
1754 over the Ohio Valley
and was fought between
the British and the French on
the North American
continent
• French ended up giving the
British most of their North
American holdings