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Colonial History
Age of Exploration
Early Colonial Settlement
Establishment of English Political Traditions
Build up to the American Revolution
Age of Exploration
• Results of the Crusades?
– Trade = Wealth & Ideas
– Renaissance
• The Age of Exploration is inspired when the
Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 and
threaten to cut of Far Eastern trade.
• What are the goals of the Age of Exploration?
– Gold, Glory, God
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Find a new all water route to the Far East.
Find alternate sources for Far Eastern goods.
Win converts to Christianity
Increase political power of nation
Spain and Portugal Divide the World
• Portugal
– Prince Henry the Navigator
• Organizes a school for sailors, mapmakers and shipbuilders in 1415.
• Sailing advances come to Portugal: Caravels, Compass, Astrolabe, Jib sail.
• Using advances from this school Portugal takes the early lead in exploration.
– Bouncing down the coast of Africa, Bartolomeu Dias reaches the tip of Africa (The Cape
of Good Hope) in 1488.
– Sailing for Portugal, Vasco da Gama finally reaches India in 1498.
– Ferdinand Magellan’s crew successfully circumnavigates the globe from 1519-1522.
• Spain
– After 73 years, just as Portugal could see the possibility of fruit from their efforts, Spain
with one successful voyage managed to threaten Portugal’s trade leadership.
– In 1492, Christopher Columbus, attempting to sail westward to the Far East, bumped into
the New World.
– With the two Catholic countries nearly coming to blows, Pope Alexander VI offered to
mediate a settlement.
• In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation at 40 degrees west and 130
degrees east longitude.
• Between these lines, any new land “discovered” would be the possession of Portugal, outside
the lines would be the possession of Spain.
– Spain took the early lead in building a New World empire.
Early Explorers
• Spain
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa, 1513
Ponce de Leone, 1513
Hernando Cortes, 1521
Fransisco Pizzaro, 1532
• France
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Giovanni Verranzano, 1524
Jacques Cartier, 1534
Samuel de Champlain, 1608
Jacques Marquette, S.J. & Louis Joliet, 1673
Robert de La Salle, 1681
• Dutch
– Henry Hudson, 1609
– Peter Minuet, 1626
• England
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John Cabot, 1497
Sebastian Cabot, 1507
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1587
John Smith, 1609
Spain’s New World Empire
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Spain’s New World empire was too large, too limited in self-rule and too costly to
defend to remain strong.
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It included most of South America, Central America and Southwestern North America
and Florida.
Governed by an “absolute monarchy” Spanish Colonial Viceroys had little
individual power and therefore had a hard time governing.
Communication with Spain was slow and support from the King was limited.
Few people were given the opportunity to own land
– native Spaniards did not chose to emigrate.
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Spaniards set up Presidios
– Catholic missions where the Native Americans were treated as serfs
– Many Franciscans argued for better treatment of the Native Americans but warfare,
disease, and harsh labor took a serious toll on the population
• Bartolome de las Casas
• Repartamiento
• Encomienda
• Black Legend
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Shortage of laborers in the colonies eventually inspired Spain to become involved
in the trans-Atlantic African slave trade.
England Challenges Spain
1.
Explorers
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Religious/Alliance Differences
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In the late 1520’s, Henry VIII broke an alliance with powerful Spain when he attempted to have
his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled.
Catherine was the daughter of Spanish monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella.
When the Pope, who was related to Spain’s royal family refuses to annul the marriage, Henry
imprisons Catherine in a convent so that he will not have to repay her dowry.
In order to have his marriage annulled, Henry broke from the Catholic Church in Rome. He
established his own religion (Anglicanism) with himself as head.
Sea Dogs
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England sent explorers to the New World in spite of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
During the reign of Henry’s daughter, Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603), the English Government
gave refuge and financial support to raiders (Sea Dogs) attacking Spanish gold shipments from
the New World to Europe. In an attempt to better defend these shipments, Spain built a fort in
1565 at St. Augustine, Florida. St. Augustine was the first European settlement in what
becomes the United States.
Spanish Armada
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In 1588, after Sea Dog, Francis Drake had burnt St. Augustine, completed a circumnavigation
of the world in a successful raid of Spanish gold and was knighted for service to the English
crown, Spain had had enough.
Spain launched a huge armada of ships to invade England. The huge galleons of the Spanish
Armada were defeated by the smaller faster privateer fleet of England. The defeat of the
Spanish Armada allowed other European powers to begin colonizing the New World.
Reasons for English Emigration
to the New World
1.
Spiritual Discontent (Catholics, Anglicans, Puritans, Pilgrims)
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Henry VIII breaks from Catholic Church
Henry & Catherine’s daughter (Bloody Mary) restores Catholicism.
Queen Elizabeth restores Anglicanism – Pope declares her a heretic.
Restored Stewart Monarch, James II remarries to a Catholic and has a son.
Glorious Revolution ousts James.
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Political Strife (Absolutism)
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English Civil War – Puritans v. Roundheads
Absolutist King Charles I beheaded in 1649.
English Commonwealth established by Oliver Cromwell.
Unregulated Struggle to Gain Wealth (End of Social Reciprocity)
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4.
James’ daughter (Mary) and Protestant husband William of Orange are invited to rule England in 1688.
Rising Population
Enclosure Movement
Unemployment/Depression
By 1760, the English colonies had 1.5 million colonists living
in them.
Jamestown, 1607
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“I tell thee golde is more plentiful there than copper is with us. Why, man, all their
dripping pans and chamber pottes are pure gold and for rubies and diamonds
they goe forth on holydayes and gather ‘hem by the seashore, to hang on their
children’s coates and sticke in their caps.” Written about Virginia in 1605 by
someone never in America.
Organized by the London Company
– Joint-Stock Company
• a new form of business where investors could share in the profits of a venture
• more importantly, they could spread the risk also.
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located in Chesapeake Bay on a Peninsula between the York and James Rivers.
– At high tide the settlement became an island.
– At high tide salt water backed up into the fresh water rivers making the water
undrinkable.
– The area was a humid swampy region which bred malaria carrying mosquitoes.
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Instructions to the colonists:
– Search for Gold
– Search for a Northwest Passage
– Convert Natives to Christianity
Jamestown, 1607
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Colonial leadership was lazy and indecisive.
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Crops not planted & defenses not completed.
Only 38 survived the winter.
Colonist begin hoard supplies.
5/ 1608 = 500 more settlers arrived.
John Smith enforces martial law.
– Work gangs are organized for food, shelter, defense & sanitation.
– Success of Smith’s martial law, alliance with Powhatan Confederacy and mild winter
allowed most to survive (only 12 men lost).
– Smith is injured in a powder explosion must return to England.
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“Starving Time” Winter of 1609-1610
– Discipline breaks down again.
– Only 60 settlers survive.
– Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Sommers arrive with 150 more settlers and restore
martial law.
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Important Years for the Jamestown Colony
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1618 = Each male settler who paid his way was given 50 acres.
1619 = 60 women settled in Jamestown.
1619 = 1st Africans came to North America (Indentured Servants)
1619 = Tobacco became a profitable trade good (John Rolfe).
1619 = House of Burgesses established (rights restored)
1624 = Jamestown became a royal colony.
English Political Traditions
Established by the Colonies
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Magna Carta, 1215
– New taxation only through representation.
– People are entitle to a trial by jury.
– The King must rule by law.
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House of Burgesses, Jamestown Virginia, 1619
– 1st representative body in the colonies.
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Mayflower Compact, Plymouth Massachusetts, 1621
– 1st government with all male participation.
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Freedom of Religion, Rhode Island, 1644
– Separation of Church and State – in order to keep faith pure.
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639
– 1st written constitution in the colonies.
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Maryland Toleration Act, 1649
– Toleration v. Freedom = Established Church (funded by taxes) is still possible.
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“All Men Are Created Equal” , 1674
– Quakers gain control of the Jerseys & Pennsylvania (1681).
Social Contract, 1690
– John Locke – Treatise on Civil Government
– The King (Government) must defend a citizen’s life, liberty & property.
– Citizens must follow laws, pay taxes and remain loyal.
The Original 13 Colonies
Virginia
Connecticut, 1662
Jamestown, 1607 (London Company)
Thomas Hooker breaks from Massachusetts.
House of Burgesses, 1619
He led his followers to Connecticut in search of land ownership.
Massachusetts
Property ownership & not sainthood became the basis of
citizenship
Plymouth Plantation, 1620 (Pilgrims)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639
Mayflower Compact, 1621
South Carolina, 1650
Massachusetts Bay, 1630 (Puritans)
Originally granted to 8 supporters of King Charles I
“A City Upon the Hill”
Attempted to recreate a feudal style economy with serfs.
New Hampshire, 1623
Few volunteered to become serfs. Slave labor replaced
Breaks away from Massachusetts.
immigrant serfs with large plantation owners as lords.
New York, 1626 (Dutch)
North Carolina splits from South Carolina, 1729.
New Amsterdam (New York) & Fort Orange (Albany)
North Carolina geographically different than South Carolina.
Captured by the Duke of York for England, 1664.
Instead of a slave holding aristocracy they become a rough and
New Jersey, 1626
ready democracy.
Originally granted to Lord Carteret & Lord Berkeley.
Pennsylvania, 1681
Sold to Quaker interests in 1674 & 1680.
Established through a land grant to the Penn family.
“All men are created equal”
William Penn creates a Quaker haven.
Maryland, 1634
“The Holy Experiment” Guarantees religious freedom, liberal
Granted to Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore
land grants and political participation to all.
Established as a haven for Catholics.
Delaware, 1776
Maryland Toleration Act, 1649
Originally part of Pennsylvania in order to have access to the
Rhode Island, 1644
sea at the mouth of the Delaware River.
Minister Roger Williams was exiled from Massachusetts Bay.
Geographically isolated it actually has an independent
He believed that their should be separation of Church
and State.
legislature prior to becoming a separate colony.
State business was bound to corrupt the Church.
Georgia, 1733
He also believed that the Native Americans should be
Established in an attempt to alleviate the overcrowding in
compensated.
England debtor’s prisons.
He was taken in by the Narragansett Indians and survived.
It acted as a buffer between raids from Spanish Florida and
South Carolina.
Contrasting Administrations
• Spanish
– Royal backing
– Stronger royal control
through viceroys and
audiencias
• this autocratic colonial
style did not wellprepare the Latin
American countries for
governing themselves
after independence
– Waged military campaigns
of conquest against the
indigenous centralized
states like the Aztecs and
Incas
• British and French
– Private investors played a
greater role
– No viceroys or audiencias;
– maintained their own
assemblies and influenced
the choice of governors
– Tried to negotiate with and
justify their claims to the
varied indigenous peoples
and societies;
– eventually dominated by a
combination of disease,
numbers, and violent
conflict
Contrasting Societies
• Spanish
– About 85% of the
Spanish immigrants
were male
– Much interaction with
native women
• Soon gave rise to
an increasing
mestizo (or mixed)
society
• British
– Women were more
numerous among
British settlers
– Mostly married within
their own groups
• Mingling between
people of different
ancestries was
especially uncommon in
the British colonies