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Ancient Greece 1750-133 BCE Discuss Thrower and Venus Early People of the Aegean Minoan Civilization – 17501500 BCE - Started in Crete (island) and began the Greek Civilization - Acquired technology and culture through trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia. A. Rulers lived in the Palace of Knossos; included shrines (areas dedicated to gods/goddesses). - Walls were covered with Frescoes – watercolor paintings on wet plaster that tell a lot about Minoan society (religion, women, sea, etc.) - 1400 BCE – it disappears with no clear reason why II. Mycenae – 1400-1200 BCE - Known for the Trojan War (1250) – Mycenae vs. Troy who controlled vital water passages (straits) that connected Med. Sea and Black Sea - Started when Prince Paris of Troy kidnapped Helen (Greek King’s wife). III. Homeric Age – 1100-800 BCE - Two epic poems by blind, nomadic poet, Homer (around 750 BCE). - Iliad – about Greek Trojan hero, Achilles - Odyssey – about Odysseus who is trying to return home from the Trojan War. - Heroes have honor, courage, and eloquence and influenced writing for 3k yrs. The Rise of Greek CityStates I. Geography of Greek Homeland - Balkan Peninsula down East Med. Sea – valleys and mountainous islands. - Due to terrain, they created small citystates that often warred. - Used Sea for trade of goods; also learned new cultures (Phoenician alphabet expansion – our writing’s foundation). - Growth caused outward expansion from Spain to Egypt, expanding Greek culture. II. Governing City-States - Polis – two leveled city-states with an acropolis (high temples for gods) and main part with markets, homes, etc. - First rulers were kings of monarchies (king/queen is central power figure) who were supported by landowners - Soon landowners tried to gain their own power (aristocracy) - Then merchants challenged for power forming an oligarchy (rule of the elite few). - 650BCE – iron replaced with Bronze and weapons were made cheaper so that all could afford a sword, helmet, and shield. - Phalanx - fighting mass of foot soldiers was created and ordinary men warriors encouraged strong community ties. - Two cities grew from this discovery in different ways. - Warring people from Dorian who created state-owned slaves from locals (helots). - Monarchy with two kings with councils and public assembly. - Boys trained as lifetime military men who could marry but live a military life. - Girls trained physically to have strong sons and managed family estates. - Hard lifestyles with little outside interaction (no arts, trade, etc.) II. Sparta III. Athens - Democracy was born! – Government of the people. - Later Reformers: Pisistratus (farmers and the poor), Cleisthenes (legislature – law making body). - Women were considered inferior to men in reasoning and ran secluded home lives. - Men attended schools, learned to write and read, stayed physically fit, and were cultured. IV. Forces for Unity - Common language, religion, heroes, festivals,etc. - Polytheistic – gods/goddesses lived on Mt. Olympus. - Zeus (head god) with brothers, Poseidon and Hades and children, Athena, Ares, and Aphrodite. - Non-Greeks or barbaroi (not Greek speaking) were seen as inferior to Greeks. Victory and Defeat in the Greek World I. Persian Wars - Persian Empire (leader: Darius I) controlled Ionia (containing Greeks who wanted freedom) and Athens sent ships to help. - Marathon – outnumbered Greeks pushed back the Persians with their fury. - Round Two: Xerxes attacked Athens (supported by Sparta, etc) and eventually defeated Persia. - Sparta suffered the most and Athens became the strongest city-state; created the Delian Alliance (formal agreement between 2 or more nations). AGH! Those Greeks will pay for this We’re on the way Help! II. Periclean Athens (Golden Age) – 460-429 BCE - Pericles – wise statesman who created a strong economy and democracy. - Direct Democracy – large number of citizens were directly involved and men were paid a stipend (salary) so poorer men could be involved. - Created Juries – panel of citizens to make a judgment; also used for… - Ostracism – ban a person from city-state who threatened democracy. - Funeral Oration – speech by Pericles stating power lies in the whole of the people, not just the minority. - Decorated Athens with statues of Gods and encouraged thinkers, writers, and artists with public festivals. III. Peloponnesian War - Many resented Athens and created the Peloponnesian League to counter the Delian Alliance. - Athens vs. Sparta...and it engulfed all of Greece! - Sparta wins - Ended Athenian domination but Athens remained a cultural center. Alexander and the Hellenistic I. Alexander the Great Age - Macedonian (north of Greece) leader who loved Greek culture and was tutored by Aristotle. - Through alliance and battle, Phillip II (Alex’s dad) conquered Greece by 338BCE, but was assassinated before conquering the Persian Empire. - Alex won battle after battle against a weak Persia and took Babylon in 331BCE. - Headed farther east to India and turned back in 326 due to troops wanting to go home. - On the way home in Babylon, he dies suddenly… II. Alexander’s Legacy - People from everywhere adopted Greek culture and assimilated, absorbed Greek ideas. - Blended with Persian cultures by marrying Persian women and dressing Persian. III. Hellenistic Civilization - Stoicism – thought that all men and women were morally equal with ability to reason, but believed in accepting what life gave them without expectation. - Pythagoras of Egypt wrote the Pythagorean Theorem. - Heliocentric – sun centered space theory (wasn’t adopted until 2k yrs. later). - Archimedes – invented practical things such as pulleys and levers. - Hippocratic Oath – medical standards oath. Foreshadowing the Romans!