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ANCIENT GREECE GEOGRAPHY MANY MOUNTAINS NO GREAT RIVERS MANY ISLANDS & HARBORS GEOGRAPHY WILL ENCOURAGE TRADE WILL PREVENT UNITY PRE-CLASS PAGE 106 GEOGRAPHY SKILLS: answer questions 2 & 3 in your notes BACKGROUND MINOANS ON ISLAND OF CRETE ca. 2000-1400 BCE MYCENAEANS IN PELOPONNESUS ca. 1600-1200 BCE DORIANS (EARLY GREEKS) MOVED INTO PELOPONNESUS ca. 1200 BCE CITY-STATE: POLIS SMALL SIZE SMALL POPULATION ACROPOLIS: CENTRAL HILL WITH IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AGORA: PUBLIC MEETING PLACE Athens: The Acropolis Athens: The Acropolis EVOLUTION OF GOVERNMENT 1. NOMADIC TRIBES 4. OLIGARCHY 2. MONARCHY 5. TYRANT 3. ARISTOCRACY 6. DEMOCRACY ARISTOCRACY: RULE BY THE LANDHOLDING ELITE MONARCHY: RULE BY A KING OLIGARCHY: POWER RESTS WITH SMALL, POWERFUL GROUP FROM THE BUSINESS CLASS TYRANT: SINGLE LEADER WHO TAKES OVER IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE SPARTA & ATHENS THE GREAT CITYSTATES SPARTA: BACKGROUND LYCURGUS PREVENTS SPARTA FROM FOLLOWING NORMAL EVOLUTION OF A CITY-STATE SPARTA: BACKGROUND DORIANS MOVED INTO PELOPONNESUS 1200 BCE – FORCED HELOTS INTO SLAVERY – BUILT CITY WITHOUT A WALL SPARTA: BACKGROUND SOCIAL GROUPS – CITIZENS – NEIGHBORS – HELOTS SPARTA GOVERNMENT: – ASSEMBLY of CITIZENS – COUNCIL OF ELDERS – 2 CEREMONIAL KINGS – 5 EPHORS SPARTA EDUCATION: MILITARY MACHINE – AGE 7: MOVE TO BARRACKS – AGE 8: CEREMONY TO ARTEMIS – AGE 12: WILDERNESS SURVIVAL SPARTA EDUCATION: MILITARY MACHINE – AGE 20: BEGIN MILITARY SERVICE; CAN GET MARRIED – AGE 30: CAN JOIN ASSEMBLY – AGE 60: LEAVE ARMY Spartan Soldier (Hoplite) SPARTA DAILY LIFE – ALL CITIZENS WERE GIVEN LAND & HELOTS – MEN SOCIALIZED & LIVED IN BARRACKS SPARTA DAILY LIFE – WOMEN RAN HOUSEHOLD – NO TRAVEL, ARTS, OR VISITORS ATHENS THE BIRTH OF DEMOCRACY BACKGROUND: SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL GROUPS – CITIZENS – METICS – SLAVES GOVERNMENT ARISTOCRACY: LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR VOTING ASSEMBLY: ALL VOTERS MET AND SELECTED 9 ARCHONS Discontent among the lower classes GOVERNMENT TYRANTS: INDIVIDUALS WHO SEIZE POWER; USUALLY HELPFUL TO LOWER CLASSES MORE REFORMS GOVERNMENT ALL MALE CITIZENS OVER THE AGE OF 30 WERE A PART OF THE ASSEMBLY GOVERNMENT: REFORMERS DRACO: – HARSH LAWS – WEALTH OF UPPER CLASSES INCREASED – SMALL FARMERS ENSLAVED TO PAY DEBT GOVERNMENT: REFORMERS SOLON – CANCELED DEBTS OF POOR – OUTLAWED ENSLAVEMENT FOR DEBT – CREATED COURT OF CITIZENS FOR APPEALS GOVERNMENT: REFORMERS PISISTRATUS –EXILED NOBLES –GAVE LAND TO PEASANTS GOVERNMENT: REFORMERS CLEISTHENES – DIVIDED PEOPLE INTO 10 TRIBES – COUNCIL OF 500 – ASSEMBLY: ALL MALE CITIZENS OVER 20 YRS OLD Why would these Persians want to invade Greece? How can the Greeks beat up on the BIGGEST empire in the world???? BATTLE OF MARATHON YEAR: 490 BCE Leaders: – Persia: Darius – Athens: Miltades BATTLE OF MARATHON WHAT HAPPENED: – Darius wanted to attack Athens before Sparta could mobilize – Athenian army sprinted towards Persians outside of Athens & won. – Runner returned to Athens with the news of victory BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE YEAR: 480 BCE Leaders: – Persia: Xerxes – Greeks: Themistocles, King Leonidas BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE WHAT HAPPENED: – Persia planned to invade by land & sea – Athens built a large fleet BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE – Spartans held off Persians at mountain pass – Greek traitor showed Persians how to get around them – Spartans were slaughtered – Athens was abandoned BATTLE OF SALAMIS YEAR: 479 BCE Leaders: – Persian: Xerxes – Greeks: Themistocles BATTLE OF SALAMIS WHAT HAPPENED: – Athenians fled to island of Salamis – Persian fleet (huge ships) tried to enter straits for Naval battle Smaller Greek ships surrounded Persian ships – Persians lost everything – XERXES fled to Persia Results of the Persian Wars Greeks saw their way of life as superior to others Athens took credit and became the dominant city-state—Delian League Athens began an empire which ushered in the Golden Age