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Greek
1500 – 146 BCE
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Chronology of
Greek History
Minoan Civilization- 2000-1500 BCE
The earliest known prehistoric civilizations occupy the Aegean world. This culture is apparently more female-oriented
and peaceful than others at the time.
Mycenaean Civilization- 1500-1200 BCE
Bronze weapons, war-scenes on art, Cyclopean defense walls, and the fact that male warriors were buried with their
weapons provide evidence for the claim that the Mycenaeans were militaristic.
The horse-drawn chariot emerges around this time.
Dorian Civilization – 1250 – 800 BCE
“Dark Ages” (1100): characterized by the disappearance of writing and a decline in architecture and other aspects of
material culture. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey were suggested to be written at this time.
Archaic Period – 800 (600)-480 BCE
The pre-classical: growth of the city-states, building of the Temple of Hera.
High Classical Period - 480-400 BCE
Socrates teaching in Athens, victory of the alliance of Athens and Sparta over the Persian Empire, building of the Agora
and the Parthenon. This period is considered the High Classical, or the Golden Age.
Fourth Century - 400-323 BCE
Defeat of Athens by Sparta, Plato establishes the Academy, the sanctuary at Delphi and the building of the Tomb of
Mausolus in Asia Minor.
Hellenistic Period - 323 to the end of the 1st century BCE
Death of Alexander and the breakup of his empire, Roman domination, the theatre at Epidauros, and the monumental
sculpture of Pergamon.
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Minoan Culture: 1700-1300 BCE – Palace of Knossos, Crete (Artist Interpretation)
Post-and-Lintel
Mud-Brick
Dressed Stone:
Finished or cut
stone
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Mycenaean Culture: 1500-1200 BCE – Lioness Gate
On the mainland immortalized by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey
Warlike strength and primitive power unlike the plays about them 700 years later
Primitive Ritual in Polished Greek Drama
Megaliths: giant
stones…
“Cyclopean”
Construction
Stone Lintels
Corbel Arch
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Cella
Cella: Chamber (housing of God Statuary)
Pronaos: Vestibule
Portico: Porch
Portico
Pronaos
Mycenaean Culture: 1500-1200 BCE – Megaron – “Audience” Hall
The Treasury of Athens, Mycenae - Tomb (c. 1300-1200 BCE)
Domed Vault - Single Keystone Completion
Corbeled Arch
Dimensions: 18’ Door, Dome: 47’ d., 43’ h.
Largest Interior space until the Pantheon…
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The Early Greeks – “The Dark Ages” Dorian (c. 1100-900 BCE)
A period of cultural darkness descended over the region, with the disappearance
of written language and an absence of artistic output in any form.
Helladic Language – (c. 900 BCE)
The Greek peoples developed a distinctive form of government called the polis,
or city-state… citizens shared in decision-making and possessed individual rights
Greek Religion (“Sky” Gods)
Mount Olympus
Zeus – Supreme Deity
Hera (Z’s wife) – Goddess of Marriage
Apollo – God of the Sun
Poseidon – God of the Sea
Aphrodite – Goddess of Love
Dionysus – God of Wine and Inspiration
Ares – God of War
…
The big shift from “Ancient”… HUMAN SCALE. Ancients strove for magnitude
and permanence (eternity). Greeks celebrated the exploration of human
possibilities and experimented in order to continually improve.
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Greek
Architecture
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Doric Order: Oldest and plainest….
Squat and heavy (5.5 to 1 ratio)
Preferred style of Greek Mainland and
Western Colonies.
•Simple, rigid and controlled
(geometric)
•Art is a tool of religion and state
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All types of columns have a shaft and a capital; some
have a base.
Columns are formed of cylindrical sections of stones
(drums) joined together inside with metal pegs.
The shaft is most often articulated with shallow flutes
(concave vertical indentations).
The capital consists of a flared and rounded section
and a rectangular pad, upon which rests the
entablature.
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Ionic Order: more elegant proportions:
height of the column shaft is about nine
times its diameter.
Ionic capital is carved in a distinctive
scrolled volute.
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Ionic Order: Separation between columns is often
wider than Doric. The fluting is deeper and closer
together, with a flat space separating each flute
called the fillet.
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Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens (c. 425 BCE)
Corinthian Order: Late Classical. Often
found in interior Greek architecture.
Imitation of the slenderness of a maiden.
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Corinthian Order : The capital is the most elaborate of the
three, adorned with stylized acanthus leaves carved in high
relief.
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Temple of Zeus, Acropolis, Athens (c. 170 BCE)
Pediment: A triangular gable across a portico.
Metope: Space between two triglyphs.
Triglyph: The grooved projecting blocks between the metopes.
Frieze: The middle section of the Classic entablature; Decorative Band.
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The Archaic Period, 800 (600)-480 BCE : Plan of a Typical Greek Temple
The time of growth of the city-states.
Peristlye: Perimeter Columns
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The High Classical Period - 480-400 BCE
The time of extraordinary flowering of artistic and intellectual activity .
Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens (c. 447-438 BCE)
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Golden Age (High Classical)
•Balancing:
•Formal and Natural
•Mind and matter
•Man and state
•Social and Political Development
Philosophers
•Socrates, Plato and Aristotle pondered the nature of the universe
Playwrights
•Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides wrote plays dealing with the nature of
humankind
•Greek culture was spread by Alexander the Great of Macedonia (356-323
BC)
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The Theatre of Dionysus, Athens (c. 350 BCE)
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Amphitheatre – Orchestra – Skene – Paraskenia – Proskenium – Eccyclema
The Theatre of Dionysus, Athens – Proscenium Decoration
Porch of Maidens, Acropolis, Athens
Caryatids: Female Sculptures
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Greek
Furniture
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FUNCTIONAL POTTERY DESIGN
1. The krater had a wide mouth to
facilitate mixing wine and water,
the staple Greek beverage.
2. The kylix was a two-handled
drinking cup.
3. The hydria, for carrying water, had
two horizontal handles for lifting; a
third handle, not visible here,
made pouring easy.
4. The pitcher-shaped oinochoe was
the standard wine jug.
5. The amphora was a large urn for
storing supplies. Such vases
established the Mediterranean
supremacy of Athenian potters.
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Athens
•Simple and Disciplined
•Zestful, exciting, fun-loving, and even frivolous
•Children led a carefree life of play, amusement and sport
•Girls at home
•Boys to school
•Marketplace is center of activity
•Banquets for the ordinary TO reclining on couches
•Post-banquet performance and drinking
Fabric and Cloth
•Most of fabric was wool or linen, some imported silk (Far East) and cotton
(Egypt)
•The wool could be a thin gauze or thick felt
•Fabric was most likely woven to the correct size and not cut
•In reality fabric was died with plants, minerals, and even shellfish
•Fabric was embellished with embroidery
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Greek
Costume
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Minoans and Myceneans
Women: tightly fitted bodices, sometimes
with breasts exposed, and tiered skirts.
Men: skirt-like garment wrapped tightly
around the body, with torso exposed.
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The Archaic Period, 800 (600)-480 BCE :
•Humanistic glories of classical naturalism
•Aristocratic control (limited democracy)
•Relaxed, free-standing and balls of the feet
•Relationship of religion and art declines
•Storytelling becomes dramatic reality of human beings
Women:
•Were not equal to men
•Were not allowed in public unveiled
•Marriages were arranged
•Married women remained covered until 400 B.C.
•Courtesans were often more educated and could move about freely
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Greeks Don’t Wear
Togas!
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Vocabulary
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Doric Chiton: Women wore the chiton fairly closely wrapped on the body, with a pin
at each shoulder.
Kolpos: Bloused Section
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Doric Chiton: This is pictured as a
patterned garment, probably of wool, and is
called the Doric Peplos (skirt).
Variations in the placement of pins and
belting developed into different styles of
chiton that are closely related to the
changing aesthetic in the development of
Greek art and architecture.
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Ionic Chiton (390-380 BCE): Both men and women wore this version. It was fuller,
of a lighter weight wool or pleated linen, with a sleeve created by pinning the
opening closed from shoulder to elbow. Women wore it long, and men both short
and long.
Figure of sea nymph from the Nereid Monument, Xanthos
Ionic Chiton:
This drawing shows the amount of
fullness being controlled by the girdle
and forming the sleeves. In this
instance there is no Kolpos formed
from excess length.
*More sophisticated garment and often
appears both more sheer and fuller
than the Doric Peplos.
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Chiton worn Exomis:
(1 shoulder chiton)
Worn by: athletes, children,
slaves and workers
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Himation: body
enveloping blanket for
men and women.
Cloaks and shawls,
both decorative and
utilitarian, could be
layered over the chiton.
Plato, not one to shrink
from making definitive
arguments, stated that
it was absolutely
necessary that a man
should know how to
throw his Himation from
left to right as a
gentleman should, and
that a gentleman
should never extend
his arm outside his
Himation.
Himation: A favored garment of politicians and intellectuals/scholars.
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Statue of Dionysus wearing an ivy
wreath. (350-325 BCE)
“While most classical images of
Dionysus showed him as youthful
and slightly effeminate, this
bearded version looks back to
Archaic representations of God.”
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Chlamys: Cape
Petasos: Straw Hat
Greeks had mastered the art of dying,
using plant material such as saffron and
to obtain yellows, and extracting a
purple pigment from a certain form of
seashell.
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Hairstyles for men changed from the long locks and beards favored by the Archaic
Greeks, to short cuts for beardless youths in the Classical period. Older men and
philosophers favored beards and a short cut held in place by a filet, or metal band.
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Women dressed their hair in elaborate styles involving tight curls around the face in
the Archaic period. In the Classical period, the hair was swept up in the "Grecian
knot" or chignon, worn low on the back of the head and supported with filets or a
crown-shaped headband called a stephane.
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Phrygian Bonnet
Greaves: shin guards protected the lower leg
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Fibula: Brooches (probably iron)
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Diadem: Headband
Armbands
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Corinthian helmets were not made in Greece much after 500 BC. When not in use,
Greek soldiers pushed helmets back over their heads. The Italian peoples began
wearing them like this in battle and developed the Apulo-Corinthian helmet, which
was used until well after 400 BC. The eyeholes became so small and close as to
be
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non-functional and they finally disappeared from the design altogether.
This Corinthian-type helmet has several holes and dents in the crown that may be
from battle use. Corinthian helmets were popular with Greeks in the 6th and 5th
centuries BC. Right: Pericles wearing a helmet. He was famous for his public
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speaking, which enabled him to rule Athens at the height of its empire.
Discuss these 2 images in
regard to the ELEMENTS OF
DESIGN
^ Vase depicting
Aristophanes' The Birds
> Temple of Abydos,
Egypt, Dynasty XIX