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Greece at War Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War Persian Wars (499 to 449 B.C.) ► Wars with Persia were important to the development of Greek culture. ► King Darius I wanted to force Greece into submission, but city-states united and fought side by side. ► After defeat of the Darius, his son Xerxes attacked Greece with a stronger force. ► Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire. ► Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea. Greek Victory ► The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence. ► They continued innovations in government and culture. Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.) Competition between Athens and Sparta for control of Greece helped cause the Peloponnesian War. It lasted 27 years. Greek world split into rival camps (alliances) – Athens created the Delian League – Sparta organized the Peloponnesian League The Aftermath The Spartans captured Athens. The Peloponnesian War ended Athenian domination of the Greek world. It resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power. As Greeks battled among themselves, a new power rose in Macedonia. By 359 B.C., its ruler decided to conquer the Greek city-states. The Age of Pericles The leadership of Pericles was important to the development of Athenian life. Golden Age of Pericles (Golden Age for Athens) occurred mostly between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars. Under Pericles Pericles extended democracy – most adult males had equal voice. Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government. He also reduced the citizenship age from 30 to 18. Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in the Persian Wars. The Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction. Acropolis