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Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy
Based on Geography, why did Greek
government organized into a Polis
system and not an empire?
Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy
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Peninsula +2000
islandsLong distance sea
trade, communication
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City states (700 BCE):
separate governments (Polis),
common culture (olympics,
alphabet, pottery, arts).
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Slaves: mostly captured in war
Criteria for Democracy?
(Demos=people; Cracy=rule by)
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Citizenship
Popular participation
Common law
Juries
Branches of government (separation of power)?
Class system?
Gender equality?
Slavery?
All participate?
Church-state separation?
Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy
• Different governments among city states: Monarchy (single
king), Aristocracy (landowning nobility), Oligarchy (merchantartisan elite)
• Limited Democracy in Athens: 3 branches
Rule by men with property
Common law
Assembly of all citizens: all can propose and vote on laws
Executive: Council of 500 men, chosen by lot
Courts: Juries (varied in size), but no attorneys nor appeals
Pericles: 461-429 BCE (rule)—paid officials, direct democracy
(not representation)
• Gender inequality
Parthenon and Lincoln Memorial
Theater at Epidarus,
350 BCE
Athenian Democracy: Humanism
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Individualism: excellence in ability: can improve, create
own destiny, ascribe success to self—not gods
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Reason: humans can solve problems of universe, explain
cause and effect (rather than supernatural forces)
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Civic Humanism: citizens have political duty to serve
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Human perfection in art: heroic, public
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Alexander the Great: spreads Greek ideas (“Hellenization”)
Sophocles, imitation of Greek Bronze, 4th
century BCE.
Discobolus (Roman copy
of bronze original),
450 BCE
Plato versus Aristotle
Plato
Aristotle
• Guardians=philosophers
• Inequalityenvy, hatred,
violence
• Don’t mix philosophers with
cobblers and carpenters
• Oligarchy
• Most should be middle class
• Government works best
when no inequality and run
by all people
Sparta and Oligarchy
• Militaristic state:
• Peloponesian wars—struggle between Athens and Sparta. Later
join under Delian League to defend against Persians (more than
140 cities).
Unit IV: Faith and Empire in the Ancient Mediterranean:
Greece, Rome and Monotheistic Belief
Overview of Classical Greece, 2000—300 BCE
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Socrates killed for his ideas
Ancient Greece versus Jewish Gods
Greek Gods
Jewish God
• Each had different human
qualities
• Created humans in
likeness of God
• Interacted with each other
• Embodied understanding
of good and evil
• Interact with humans
Ancient Greece: Birth of Democracy
Solon, 594 BCE
• No citizen shall own another
• 4 social classes; top 3 hold office, all participate in assembly
• Any citizen could bring suit against other
Cleisthenes, 500 BCE
• Organized citizens by district, not wealth
• All citizen could submit laws to assembly
• Council of 500: members chosen at random
• Citizens were male, Athenian property owners—women, slaves, foreigners excluded
Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, 461-429 BCE
• Increase number of paid officials
• Direct democracy
• Leaders chosen by lot
• 3 Branches of government
Ancient Greece: Birth of Democracy
Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, 461-429 BCE
• Increase number of paid officials
• Direct democracy
• Leaders chosen by lot
• 3 Branches of government
Humanism: Law made by people, higher than any individual
Civic Humanism: Responsibility to participate
Tragic-comedic
depiction of Herakles
slaying Bousiris, 470
BCE
Funerary statue, 525 BCE
The Poseidon of
Artemision. Bronze.
God about to hurl
trident against
adversary (Zeus?).
460-450 BCE.
Alexandria, Egypt
Ghandara region, India
Empire of Alexander the Great and the spread of
Hellenism, 4th century BCE
Hellenism: the spread of Greek influence by Alexander the Great
Language
Libraries
Art
Trade
Universities
Science (astronomy, mathematics, physics,
Literature
Alexandria, Egypt
Classical Greek statue
Alexander the Great
reached the Indus River in
326 BCE
Buddha from Ghandara
region of India
Classical Buddhist
statue from India