Download The Persian Empire - Fulton County Schools

Persia and Greece
The beginning of Western
Civilization
The Persian Empire
Cyrus the Great
 A tolerant ruler  he allowed
different cultures within his
empire to keep their own
institutions.
 The Greeks called him a
“Law-Giver.”
580 – 529 B. C. E.
 The Jews called him “the
anointed of the Lord.” (In 537,
he allowed over 40,000 to
return to Palestine).
Darius the Great
(526 – 485 B. C. E.)
 Built Persepolis.
 He extended the
Persian Empire to the
Indus River in northern
India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)
Darius the Great
(526 – 485 B. C. E.)
 Established a tax-collecting system.
 Divided the empire into districts
called SATRAPIES.
 Built the great Royal Road system.
 Established a complex postal
system.
 Created a network of spies called
“the King’s eyes and ears.”
Ancient Persepolis
Persian “Royal Road”
Persian Archers & Soldiers
Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:
Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
“Tree of Life”
Extent of Zoroastrianism
Zend-Avesta
(The “Book of Law”)
The “Sacred Fire”  the force to fight
evil.
Greece
The Geography of Greece
Bronze Age Greece
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
The Mask of Agamemnon
The Greek City-State
The Polis
Characteristics
• Acropolis – Literally “fortified hill”
• Agora – meeting/marketplace of the polis
• Fields, orchards, pastures, etc surrounded
the polis.
• Each polis had its own ruler
• Greek language and religious beliefs
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
SPARTA and ATHENS
SPARTA
Helots  Messenians enslaved by the
Spartans.
Sparta and Athens (Origins)
Sparta
Descended from Dorians.
Conquered Laconia and
made Sparta capital.
“A city is well fortified
which has a wall of men
instead of brick.”
Athens
Descended from
Mycenaeans. Built inland
and became sea traders
because of the area is
rocky, salty, and
generally unproductive for
agriculture
Sparta and Athens (Social Classes)
Sparta
Athens
Citizens-Controlled the city of
Sparta
Helots-City owned slaves
Perioeci-Free individuals who
worked for the Spartans as
merchants and artisans
Citizens-Initially males whose
father and maternal
grandfather had been
citizens. (Non-landowning
citizens could not vote).
By 507 BCE, all free Athenian
males are citizens
Metics-Free non-slave
foreigners
Sparta and Athens (Government)
Sparta
Set up in 800’s BCE
2 Kings - joint rule
Council of Elders 28 men
over age 60>that
proposed laws
Assembly Males over 30
Athens
After the age of kingsaristocrats who voted 9
archons (rulers) to serve
for 1 year
Judges – Nobles who
interpret & apply laws
(Favored nobles)
Sparta and Athens (Laws and
Regulation)
Sparta
Prohibited gold and
silver-believed people
would want luxury goods
Currency was heavy iron
bars
Strict discipline stressed
throughout
Athens
Only citizens with certain
amount of land could
vote
Draco – Harsh written
law code
Cleisthenes – Direct
democracy . Ostracons6000 = ostracism.
Sparta and Athens (Philosophy,
Education, & Morals & Values
Sparta
Assets only-weak or
impaired infants left on
hillside
Males enter military at
age 7
Females marry at 19 and
must be healthy
Athens
Birthplace of democracy
– 4 Reformers
Males educated from 718. Studied rhetoric.
Females-no formal
education. Married by 13
or 14 (2X their age)
Sparta and Athens (Culture, Arts,
etc)
Sparta
No attention paid to
arts, education,
literature, etc due to
military nature of
Sparta. People expected
to follow the state and
forgo personal rights and
freedoms
Athens
Sound mind and body
Built public buildings on a
grand scale. Live
modesty but support
community
Valued simple grace &
beauty. Perfection.
Education valued
Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
Greek Hoplites
Greek Phalanx
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
$ Marathon (490 BCE)
 26 miles from Athens
$ Thermopylae (480 BCE)
 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass
$ Salamis (480 BCE)
 Athenian navy victorious
Marathon 490 BCE
Thermoplyae 480 BCE
Thermistocles’
Wooden Wall
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Great Athenian Philosophers
$
Socrates
 Know thyself!
 question everything
 only the pursuit of goodness
brings happiness.
$
Plato
 The Academy
 The world of the FORMS
 The Republic  philosopher-king
Great Athenian Philosophers
$ Aristotle
 The Lyceum
 “Golden Mean” [everything in
moderation].
 Logic.
 Scientific method.
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
$ DRAMA (tragedians):

Aeschylus

Sophocles

Euripides
$ THE SCIENCES:

Pythagoras

Democritus  all matter made up of
small atoms.

Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”
Phidias’ Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
The Parthenon
The Agora
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
Olympia
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Olympia: Temple to Hera
Peloponnesian Wars
Macedonia Under Philip II
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
Hellenistic Philosophers
$ Cynics  Diogenes
 ignore social conventions &
avoid luxuries.
 citizens of the world.
 live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians  Epicurus
 avoid pain & seek pleasure.
 all excess leads to pain!
 politics should be avoided.
Hellenistic Philosophers
$ Stoics  Zeno
 nature is the expansion of
divine will.
 concept of natural law.
 get involved in politics, not
for personal gain, but to
perform virtuous acts for the
good of all.
 true happiness is found in
great achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
$
Scientists / Mathematicians:
 Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.
 Euclid  geometry
 Archimedes  pulley
$
Hellenistic Art:
 More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.
 Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and
age!
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire