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The Ancient Greeks: Sparta and Athens Chapter 4 Section 2 Mrs. Deborah Thompson World History Children in ancient Greece played many games we still play today including backgammon, checkers, hockey, and chess Tyrant – someone who takes power by force and rules with authority. Oligarchy –rule by the few Democracy – a citizen-run government. Helot – workers captured and enslaved by the Spartans. Powerful nobles with large farms seized power from the Greek kings. At the end of the Dark Age… Farmers often had to borrow money from nobles and could not pay back the debt. Farmers lost their land and had to work for the nobles or were sold into slavery. Changes in the Power Structure Tyrants, or people who take power by force and rule with total authority, arose. Unhappy farmers demanded changes Tyrants overthrew nobles because they had the backing of the common people. Support came from the hoplites in the army, who were also farmers. Most early Greek tyrants acted wisely and fairly. 1 2 Tyrants made themselves popular by building new marketplaces, temples, and protective walls. Most Greeks didn’t want rule by one person, so tyrants fell out of favor. Sparta had an oligarchy. Athens had a democracy. 3 By 500 B.C. most city-states became either oligarchies or democracies. 4 SPARTA Life in Sparta Started with … Sparta was founded by the Dorians who invaded the Peloponnesus in the Dark Age. Then this happened … Sparta needed more land to grow, so they conquered and enslaved their neighbors. And that led to this … They called their captive workers helots, a Greeks word for “capture”. So this happened … Spartans feared that the helots might rebel against them. The results were … To keep the helots under control they created a strong military of boys and men. They were harshly treated to make them tough. Children were raised to be soldiers or the mothers of soldiers. Boys were sent to live in military barracks at the age of 7. At age 20, Spartan men entered the regular army and lived in the military barracks for another 10 years. Men trained heavily in combat and expected either to win or to die on the battlefield. Spartan men returned home at age of 30 but stayed in the army until age 60. Spartan girls were trained in sports such as running, wrestling, and throwing the javelin. They kept fit to become healthy mothers. Spartan Women Women ran the homes and farms while the men were in the military and living in the barracks. Spartan women were freer than other Greek women and could own property. Goddess Artemis was often seen as a Patron goddess and warrior in Sparta. Means rule by a few. Two kings headed a council of elders. The council included 28 citizens over age 60 and presented laws to an assembly. Oligarchy Assembly Sparta’s Government All Spartan men over age 30 belonged to the assembly. They voted on the council’s laws and chose 5 people to be ephors. Ephors enforced the laws and managed tax collection. The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered. Focused Military Training To prevent questioning of the Spartan system of government Discouraged foreign visitors Banned travel abroad for any reason except military ones Frowned upon citizens who studied literature or the arts. Spartans fell behind other Greeks in trade and they knew less about science and other subjects. Spartans soldiers were strong and swift. Athens lay northeast of Sparta, at least a two-day trip away. Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force. Athenian boys went to school where they learned reading, writing, math, music, and sports to become well rounded citizens. At age 18, boys finished school and became citizens. Women married and stayed home to keep house and to teach their own daughters. Athenian girls stayed at home and their mothers taught them spinning, weaving, and other household duties. Early Athens 1. Athens after 600 B.C. 4.Athenians rebelled against the nobles because many were farmers who owed money and had to sell themselves into slavery to pay their Government debts. Until the 600’s B.C., Athens was ruled by landowning nobles. 2. Members of the assembly were chosen by lottery. 3. An assembly of citizens existed with few powers and the government was an oligarchy. of Athens 5. Farmers demanded an end to all debts and land for the poor. 6. In 594 B.C. the nobles turned to Solon as a leader. ATHENS: Yesterday & Today The Acropolis Today The Parthenon The Agora Olympia Olympia: Temple to Hera http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8ztMlmavB w The 2004 Olympics Canceled all the farmers debts. A council of 400 wealthy citizens wrote the laws but the assembly had to pass them. Freed those who had become slaves. Solon’s Reforms to the Government Allowed all male citizens to participate in the assembly and law courts. Refused to give away the wealthy nobles’ land. Solon, Reformer of Athens 1. After Solon, there were 30 years of turmoil. 3. He also loaned money poor people and gave them jobs in public works. 2. A tyrant named Peisistratus seized power in 560 B.C. and won support of the poor by dividing large estate among landless farmers. 4. Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C. and reorganized the assembly. Gave assembly power Power to debate matters openly, hear court cases and appoint army generals. Reforms of Cleisthenes Created a council of 500 citizens Helped the assembly carry out daily business such as: proposing laws, dealing with foreign countries, and overseeing the treasury. Made Athens a Democracy Although women, foreign-born men, and slaves were excluded from voting. The impact of Cleisthenes' reforms was felt almost immediately, revolutionizing all aspects of Athenian life. Democracy released unheard of potentials in its citizens and ushered in an age of achievement and prosperity. What happened to Cleisthenes after instituting his reforms is, however, a mystery.