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___17. Who eventually invaded and
conquered the Chaldeans?
A. Babylonians
B. Iraqis
C. Egyptians
D. Persians
___18. The great leader of Persia was
named:
A. Cyrus
B. Nebuchadnezzar
C. Ashurbanipal
D. Cleisthenes
___19. The Chaldeans can also be called:
A. Persian
B. Assyrian
C. Babylonian
D. Hebrew
___27. Which of the following is a
characteristic of Persian rulers?
A. Abuse of conquered people
B. Primitive transportation
C. Development of imperial bureaucracy
D. Hinduism as a religion
Three Empires that will give
you a reason to live.
The Assyrians, Chaldeans, and
Persians
Where the heck is Assyria?
Upper part of Tigris River Valley
Present Day Syria
Spread all the way into Egypt!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/800px-Map_of_Assyria.png
The Assyrian Army
Feared warriors, very organized army
1st to use separate units of infantry and
cavalry
All adult men served in army
Assyrians, Cont…
Assyrian Army conquered many
people.
Forced them to pay heavy taxes.
Built up capital city of Nineveh with
taxes.
King Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal ruled around 650 B.C.
Divided empire into provinces with
governors that controlled each.
Built network of roads to improve
communication.
Very well-educated, collected a library of
over 20,000 tablets
of poetry,
mathematics, epics, etc.
Goodbye Assyrians, Here Come
the Chaldeans!
Assyrians conquered
by Chaldeans
612BC
Chaldean =
Babylonian
Chaldean King
Nebechadnezzar
leads invasion of
Israel.
Destroys Jerusalem
and Solomon’s
Temple
http://www.hope.edu/academic/religion/bandstra/RTOT/CH13/CH13_F7.JPG
Check this out homies!
- Nebuchadrezzar built “Hanging Gardens”
palace for wife.
- One of 7 wonders of ancient world.
Bring In the Persians!
Chaldeans conquered by Persians in 539 BC
Persians develop largest empire in world.
Known for being nice to conquered people.
http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson_images/EvalGraphics/PersianEmpire03.jpg
Cyrus the Great!
Ruled 559 BC – 530 BC
Expanded empire
Freed Hebrews from Assyrians in
Jerusalem
Also set up satrapies (provinces)
governed by a satrap.
Typically appointed locals to run
satrapies.
Later, created road system to
travel between satrapies.
Developed a system of coinage
___24. The Golden Age for the Indian
Empire happens during which dynasty’s
rule?
A. Gupta
B. Mauryan
C. Qin
D. T’ang
___25. Which of the following is a civilization
that formed in the Indus River Valley?
A. Harappa
B. Sumer
C. Cairo
D. Huang He
Early Indian Civilizations
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 2 major cities of
Indus Valley.
Very advanced and organized
Polytheistic, believed in afterlife
Also created writing system - pictographs
What Happened?
Cities disappeared for
unknown reason
3 Theories
People overfarmed the land
Volcanic eruption killed
everyone
Violent attack by outsiders
killing everyone
After collapse, Indo -Aryan
people migrated in.
http://bestanimations.com/Cartoons/WarnerBro
s/WarnerBros.html
The Indo-Aryans
I NEED
MORE
COWBELL!!!
Migrated through
Khyber Pass
Very structured society
Measured wealth by
cows
Used caste system
http://www.nice-one.com/wallpaper.jpg
___31. What major contribution did Draco
make to Athens?
A. Increased trade
B. Made 1st legal code
C. Strengthened democracy
D. Created the Assembly
____36. What man made major reforms to
Athens including canceling all debts and
ending slavery?
A. Cleisthenes
B. Draco
C. Pericles
D. Solon
A
B
C
Cool Stuff from Greece
• Scientists:
 Archimedes – invented lever, pulley, calculated Pi
 Hippocrates – “Father of Medicine,” created Hippocratic
Oath that doctors still use today
• Mathematicians:
 Euclid – Father of geometry
 Pythagoras – Pythagorean Theorem
• Philosophy:
 Socrates – one of greatest thinkers of age; wanted
people to question what was correct.
 Plato – student of Socrates; wrote The Republic
More Cool Stuff
 Aristotle – student of Plato’s; philosopher and
scientist; created method of proving logic called a
syllogism (3 logically related statements)
• Drama: Aeschylus and Sophocles both known
for writing great tragedies for theater
http://www.hccy.cg.catholic.edu.au/home/pamela_coh
en/greekdrama/maskscomedytragedy.gif
http://assets.cambridge.org/052101/0
756/cover/0521010756.jpg
http://www.prancyhorse.com/e
stuff/booklist/images/2581f.jpg
The Persians Mean Business
Now
• Persian leader, Darius,
crushes rebellion and
punishes Athenians for
helping.
• 490 BC invades Greece
by landing at Marathon.
• 1st major battle;
Athenians are greatly
outnumbered.
http://www.maitlandtoysoldiershoppe.com/products/i
mages/grenadastudios/g174-3.jpg
http://www.e-grammes.gr/maps/persian_wars.jpg
Athens Wins!!
• Although outnumbered, the Athenians kill
6,400 Persians while only losing 192
Athenians.
• One of their heroes was Philippides, he
ran approximately 150 miles in two days to
get help from the Spartans. True Story!
The Legend of Philippides
• After Battle of Marathon, Philippides
took the news 26 miles back to Athens.
26 miles = Marathon
• While running he screamed, “NIKE!”
NIKE = Victory in Greek
The Persians Aren’t Finished
• After Battle at Marathon, Persians withdrew
from Greece; peace for 10 yrs.
• Darius’s son, Xerxes, wants to take over
Greece and avenge his father.
• 480 BC – 180,000 Persian soldiers backed
by the navy invade Greece again.
• The Persians conquer northern Greece, but
city-states unite to stop the Persians.
How did the Greeks win?
• After some terrible
setbacks (Thermopylae,
Athens is destroyed),
the Greeks will lure the
Persian navy into a
narrow bay called
Salamis.
• Greek ships rallied and
crushed almost all of the
Persian fleet.
**Why the Persian Wars are
Important?**
• Persian wars united Athens and Sparta
against the Persian Empire.
• Athenian victories over the Persians at
Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in
control of the Aegean Sea.
• Athens preserved its independence and
continued innovations in government and
culture.
Mr. Hannah, how do you know so
much?
• We know so much about this war because
of the writings of Herodotus, the father of
history!
http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus.jpg
___39. This war will leave the Greek citystates weak, broken up, and vulnerable to
attack from outsiders:
A. Persian War
B. Peloponnesian War
C. Trojan War
D. Zulu War
The Delian League
• After the Persian Wars, the Greeks felt
they needed to defend themselves.
• Greek city-states unite to form Delian
League as result of Persian Wars.
• Defensive alliance to protect against
future attacks.
• Athens is leader; Sparta does not join.
• Over 200 City-states join the Delian
League.
• Athens now had reason to use it’s
powerful navy and control other
members of the League.
Problems with the Delian
League
• All wealth went to Athens because they
provided protection.
• Misused money and built many
extravagant buildings to show off.
EX: Parthenon
• **This is a period of great cultural
achievement for Greece known as the
“Golden Age of Pericles”**
• Other members of League get upset.
http://www.bestanimations.com
Down with the Delian League!!!
• Members unhappy with Athens controlling
everything.
• Trade disagreements erupted.
• Extreme tension between Sparta and
Athens.
• All leads to collapse of Delian League and
start of…
PELOPONNESIAN WAR!!!!
http://bestanimations.com/Animals/Animals2.html
___50. Which of the following is NOT an
aspect of the Pax Romana?
A. Expansion and solidification of the
empire.
B. Relative peace for nearly 2 centuries.
C. A clear and bloodless succession of
emperors.
D. It was created by Augustus Caesar.
Causes for Decline of the
Roman Republic
• After Roman Republic begins policy of
imperialism, to quickly begins to decline.
– What is imperialism?
– What wars do you believe would have started this?
• After the Punic Wars, the Republic is
consumed by civil war.
– Factors are described in the FALLS Mnemonic that
we just learned.
– Leads to chaos, corruption, and end of Republic.
Fall related to the new
pressures of new social and
economic conditions.
• Political leaders often
resorted to violence to
solve problems
instead of
compromise.
http://www.ancientworlds.net/aworlds_media/ibase_1/00/04/06/00040687_000.gif
A huge migration of small
farmers into cities = no jobs
Lots of slaves from newly
conquered territories
• By the fall of the
Republic, between 1 &
3 million people living
in Rome were slaves.
(~35% of population!!)
• Slave rebellions in
places like Sicily (led
by Spartacus) led to
grain shortages and
chaos.
http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlt
on/Rome_Reading_1.html
Loss of value of Roman
money, inflation
Spark = Death of Julius Caesar
and the fighting over his heir (44
B.C.)
• Julius Caesar took power as part
of the First Triumvirate (a group of
three leaders).
• Caesar wrestled power away from
the other two leaders and in 49
B.C. became the dictator of Rome.
• Many Senators, led by Brutus, felt
he was too powerful and
conspired to kill him.
• On March 15, 44 B.C. (The “ides”
of March), Caesar is ambushed
and killed by members of the
Senate.
http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Rome_Reading_1.html
Who is Julius Caesar?
• 60 BC Triumvirate (have
to remember this term!)
takes control – group of
three that rule.
• Julius Caesar is one of the
three
• After a few years, other two
die; one dies, one
murdered.
• Caesar gains control,
named dictator for life.
• People afraid he would
gain too much power
• So what do they do?
Death to Caesar
• 60 senators plot
to kill him
• Stabbed to
death on the
Ides of March
in the Senate.
• Does he have a
clear heir?
The Pax Romana “Roman
Peace” (27 B.C.-180 A.D.)
• So to review:
– Caesar dies 44 B.C.
– Augustus is in Caesar’s will, Marc Anthony is angry.
– They fight, then cooperate, with Marc Anthony ruling
in the East and Augustus in the West.
– Augustus gains total control in 31 BC after defeating
Anthony and Cleopatra– becomes 1st Roman
Emperor.
– 27 B.C. – Augustus begins a series of reforms to
usher in the Pax Romana.
The Period known as the P.A.X.
Romana is remembered for three
reasons.
Augustus Caesar established
the Pax Romana
• Often said Emperor
Augustus, “Found Rome
a city of brick and left it a
city of marble.”
• Unified and enlarged
Roman Empire using
imperial authority and
strong military.
http://www.roman-britain.org/people/augustus.gif
Peace for Two Centuries (27 B.C.
• Why?
– 180 A.D.)
– The Roman Empire was too strong and united
to be challenged.
– The Roman military was nearly invincible.
http://fiestasiesta.co.uk/history/img/RomanLegion.jpg
Xpansion and Solidification of
Roman Empire
http://www.usu.edu/
markdamen/ClasDram
/images/12/25map07
paxromana.jpg
Roads are built, travel is safer
• “All roads lead to Rome.”
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/lif
e%20and%20society/basalt.jpg
Order helps to develop a uniform
rule of law
The Twelve Tables in the Forum
http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Images/Antiquite36.jpg
Money is made uniform (the
same) which expands trade
http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/history/jmoore/RomanTradeRoutesMap
.jpeg
http://www.traces.nu/coins_roman/denarius_marcus
_antonius_legx_1b.jpg
A returned stability to the social
classes = less class conflict
http://www.bible-history.com/rome/pompeii_husband_wife.gif
Now the family becomes more
important
http://www.abcgallery.com/A/almatadema/alma2.JPG
A civil service is created to keep
the government running
http://pointofview.bluehighways.com/images/roman_senate.jpg
Art/Architecture
 Pantheon – Temple built for
Gods in Rome
 Colosseum – Arena for public
events in Rome like gladiator
fights.
 Forum – Public area with
political and religious
buildings
Technology
• Roads – Romans built
best roads in history.
• Aqueducts – System
of carrying water into
the cities.
• Roman arches – Used
in architecture,
aqueducts, etc.
Other Contributions
• Law:
 “Innocent until
proven guilty” –
taken from 12 Tables
• Science:
 Ptolemy –
astronomer/scientist;
proposed Earth was
center of universe
(geocentric theory)
The Impact of Rome’s Language
& Literature
• Language:
Latin leads to the
Romance
languages
• Literature:
The Aeneid –
Written by Virgil;
modeled on
Homer’s works
Emphasis on Public Health
• Romans are 1st to
focus on Public
Health.
• Public Baths – for
entertainment and
bathing; encourages
good hygiene
• Public Water system
using the aqueducts;
helps prevent
disease.
• Medical schools - to
train doctors.
The Decline of the Roman
Empire
• After Pax Romana, the Western part of
Roman Empire declines for many reasons.
• Weak leaders = weak Empire
• Leads to division and then the collapse of
Roman Empire.
Defense of the Empire
costs too much
http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/Graphics_M-O/new_pa1.jpg
Economic difficulty and
the devaluation of
Roman currency
– Debasing = backing the coinage up with less
• Roman emperors continued to debase the
coinage.
value.
http://www.romancoins.info/Brutus-Obverse.jpg
Can’t discipline
military, it now includes
invaders
 Need more soldiers; people begin to fight for pay,
not their country.
 Rulers hire corrupt soldiers who fight for a price
(mercenaries).
 Leads to lack of military discipline and loyalty
http://www258.pair.com/denarius/images/erf_rr1875.jpg
Loss of faith in Rome
• The rich started to
spend their money on
products from the East,
making Rome weaker.
• Population decline due
to a poor understanding
of fertility.
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/Romancivimages23/
severantondo.jpg
and the family
Notice anything out of the
ordinary in this picture?
Invasions on the borders
• Invaders include Visogoths, Ostrogoths,
Franks, Huns, and Persians.
• Barbarians=
(Barbarians)
“Outsiders”
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/2
68312/art/figures/KISH_06_140a.gif
New political problems,
civil conflict and weak
administration
– Pandemic strikes Rome and further
depletes it’s population.
– Military rivalries drained money and made
Romans enemies of each other.
http://img360.imageshack.us/img360/1466/rome3ma.jpg
Eeeek! Moral decay!!
 People lose faith in Rome
 Crime and unemployment increase