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Chapter 4 Section 3 8th Grade World History Mrs. Thompson The Persian Empire united a wide area under a single government. The people of Persia were nomads warriors and lived in what is today southwestern Iran. The Persian Empire The Rise of the Persian Empire Cyrus the Great: He allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. He captured Babylon in 539 B.C. as well as Mesopotamia, Asia Minor,Syria, Canaan, Phoenician cities to unite Persians under powerful kingdom. Tomb of Cyrus the Great Conquered Egypt, western India, and Thrace (region of northeast Greece). Leaders After Cyrus: Built roads to connect the empire. The Royal Road stretched from Asia Minor to Susa (the first capital). Persian “Royal Road” Darius the Great He extended the Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.) Built a canal in Egypt. Built Persepolis. Darius came to the throne in 521 B.C. Darius paid people to be in the army (unlike the Greeks) A group of 10,000 soldiers called the Immortals protected the king. Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces call satrapies. Each was ruled by a satrap, meaning “protector of the kingdom.” Satraps acted as judge, police, and recruiter for army. Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C.) Established a tax-collecting system. Established a complex postal system. Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.” Persian religion was Zoroastrianism “Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words” The founder was Zoroaster who was born 660 B.C. Zoroaster taught free will of humans and recognized evil force in the world. Extent of Zoroastrianism It was a monotheistic religion that taught of one supreme creator. Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil Ahura Mazda “Holy Spirit” Ahriman “Destructive Spirit” “Tree of Life” Zend-Avesta (The “Book of Law”) The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil. Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians. By the mid-500s B.C. Persia controlled Greek cities in Asia Minor. Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BC In 499 B.C., the Athenians helped Greeks in Asia Minor to rebel but failed. Marathon In 490 B.C. 20,000 Persians landed on plain of Marathon. The Athenians only had 10,000 soldiers. Battle of Marathon 1. Persians decided to go south and attack Athens directly, so he ordered the cavalry back. Pheidippides was sent to 3. Athens with the news and ran 25 miles from 2. Greeks charged the field and easily defeated the Persian soldiers standing in the water. When he got there, he collapsed and with his final 4. breath announced “Victory.” Xerxes took Persian throne in 486 B.C. after Darius. He launched attack on Greece with 180,000 soldiers in 480 B.C. http://www.history.com/videos/ battle-of-thermopylaeunfolds#kill-zone-battle-ofthermopylae They cut off food and supplies to the Persian Army. Sparta sent most solders with King Leonidas as commander. Athens supplied the navy with Athenian general Themistocles drawing up the plan of attack. The Greeks decided best place to stall the Persians was at Thermopylae The Greeks United Thermopylae was a narrow pass through the mountains that was easy to defend. A traitor told Persians of a mountain path around Greeks to mount a rear attack. Leonidas sent most troops to safety, but he and a few hundred others stayed behind. They fought to the death in order to give Athens enough time to assemble 200 ships. http://www.history.com/topics/grecopersian-wars/videos#battle-of-thermopylaeking-xerxes-master-plan Greek fleet attacked Persians in the strait of Salamis http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_ wh_survey/resources/html/animations/w h07_persian_wars.html A strait is a narrow strip of water between two pieces of land. The smaller and faster Greek ships easily destroyed the Persian fleet. Persian army marched on and burned Athens after Greeks had fled. Persian Archers & Soldiers The Greeks assembled largest army ever in Greece with better training and armor. The Greeks crushed the Persians at Platea, northwest of Athens. RESULT: It was a turning point for the Greeks because the Persians retreated and city-states were saved. What Caused the Persian Empire to Fall? Started with … The Greeks helped weaken the empire which already had internal problems. Then this happened … After Darius and Xerxes, rulers increased taxes to build luxurious palaces. And that led to this … High taxes caused rebellion. So this happened … The royal family fought over who would be king. Six of nine rulers after Darius were murdered. The results were … By 300 B.C., the last Persian king was dead and Alexander the Great ruled over all his lands. Ancient Persepolis Persepolis The People of Persepolis