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Ancient Greece
Origins of Western Civilization
Ancient Greece Time Line
BRONZE AGE (3000-1150)
c. 1650-1200
c. 1250-1220
c. 1200-1150
Mycenaean Civilization
“The Trojan War”
Collapse of Mycenaean Civilization
DARK AGE (1100-850)
c. 1050-950
c. 900
Greek colonization of Asia Minor (western coast of Turkey)
Beginning of the rise of the polis (city-state)
ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-490)
c. 800-700
776
c. 750
c. 720
c. 700
c. 680
c. 650
621
c. 600
594-593
545-510
533
508
Rise of the aristocracies
Olympic Games established
Greek colonization of Southern Italy and Sicily begins
Homer, Iliad
Homer, Odyssey ; Hesiod, Theogony and Works and Days
Archilochus (lyric poet)
Greek colonization around the Black Sea begins
Draco’s code of law in Athens
Sappho (lyric poet); Thales (philosopher)
Archonship of Solon in Athens
Tyranny of the Peisistratids in Athens
Thespis wins first tragedy competition at Athens
Cleisthenes reforms the Athenian Constitution
CLASSICAL PERIOD (490-323)
490-479
458
461-429
c. 450-420
447
441
431-404
429
429?
c. 424-400
411
404
399
c. 399-347
335-323
Persian War
Aeschylus, Oresteia
Pericles dominant in Athenian politics; the “Age pf Pericles”
Herodotus composes his Histories of the Persian War.
Parthenon begun in Athens
Sophocles, Antigone
Peloponnesian War (Athens and allies vs. Sparta and allies)
Pericles dies
Sophocles, Oedipus the King
Thucydides writes the History of the Peloponnesian War
Aristophanes, Lysistrata
Athens loses Peloponnesian War to Sparta
Trial and death of Socrates
Plato writes his philosophical dialogues
Aristotle writes his philosophical treatises
Ancient Greece
Geography of Greece
• Peninsula as well as a
chain of islands
• Very limited farm land
• Only about 20% of the
land was arable
• Bodies of water
include Mediterranean
Sea, Aegean Sea
Early History
• Minoans-lived on the island
of Crete around 2000 BC
• Mycenaean Civilization
develops around 2000 BC
on the mainland of Greece
• The city of Mycenae was
fortified
• They were ruled by kings
from 1600-1200 BC
End of the Minoans and Mycenae
• Warfare caused the end of the two
civilizations
• The Dark Age followed 1200-700BC
• Stopped making bronze but discovered iron
• Period of anarchy and disorder emerged
• Trojan War-war between Greece and Troy
Homer
• Author of the Iliad and
the Odyssey
• Blind Poet-epic poem
• Describes the Trojan
War and reflects the
culture and beliefs of
the period
• Two of the most
important poems ever
written
Types of Government in Greece
• Aristocracy- Government ruled by land•
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owners.
Oligarchy-Government by which a small group of
un-elected leaders rule
Democracy-Government where the citizens make the
laws. Direct and Indirect democracies can exist
Monarchy- ruled by a king
Tyranny- Government under the control of one man
a Tyrant who convinces people to support him in an
overthrow of the government. They often gave away
money or land to the common people to gain their
support over the wealthy class
The Emergence of City-States
Athens and Sparta
Sparta The Military State
• Helots- Slaves of the Spartans who rebelled against
them. It took 30 years for the Spartans to put down
the rebellion. This caused them to create a state
completely dedicated to security.
• Government- Two kings elected every 9 years and a
council of elders (28 men over the age of 60)and an
assembly of Spartan citizens over the age of 30 who
would advise the king. Real power was held by the 5
Ephors which made Sparta an oligarchy.
• Spartans believed that people existed to support the
state not the other way around.
Spartan Military
• At the age of seven boys taken from families to military
training camps
• At age twelve they began training for combat they lived very
simple lives marching all day wearing no shoes,sleeping on
hard benches and eating black porridge.
• Spartan girls also lived hearty lives learning to fight and
defend themselves. They managed the estate while their
husbands were at the polis. They had no right to vote but had
many more rights than in any other Greek city-states.
• Spartans had very few personal freedoms they valued
strength, duty, and discipline
Spartan Phalanx
Athens
Birthplace of Democracy
• Draco- Instituted a harsh system of laws that included debt
slavery (draconian)
• Solon: reformed Athenian law, Outlawed debt slavery,
created more fairness in government, gave more rights to
commoners.
• Pisistratus- took land from the wealthy and gave it to the
poor. Many works projects he instituted gave jobs to the
poor as well as giving loans to the poor. Diminished
aristocracy
• Democracy: Cleisthenes creates a democracy where
common people have a voice in making all the laws of
Athens
Democratic and Yet not
• Freedom of Speech, and
equality before the law
as well as trial by jury.
• Male Citizens over 18
directly vote on all the
laws.
• But they owned slaves,
women had no voice and
neither did foreigners.
2
Unifying Forces
Local ties, independent spirit, and economic rivalries led to
fighting among the Greek city-states. Despite these
divisions, the Greeks shared a common culture.
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They honored the same ancient heroes.
They participated in common festivals.
They prayed to the same gods.
They shared the Greek language.
They felt superior to non-Greeks, whom they called
“barbaroi,” people who did not speak Greek.
Persian Wars-Causes
• Persia builds huge empire
that included some Greek
colonies like Ionia
• Ionia rebels and is aided
and encouraged by Athens
• It takes Persia 5 years to
put down the rebellion.
• Darius king of Persia sets
out to teach Athens a
lesson for inciting the
Ionians
Persian War Battles
• Battle of Marathon-Persians out number
Athenians 2-1 but the Athenians using the Greek
phalanx out maneuver their opponents and defeat
the much larger army
• 10 years later Xerxes son of Darius invades with
much larger force
• Battle of Thermopylae- 300 Spartans hold off
thousands Persians for days while Athens builds
up a force.
• Battle of Salamis: Naval battle where Athens rams
holes into the ships of the Persians sinking 1/3 of
the Persian fleet. Ending the War.
Results of the Persian War
• Greece enters a Golden Age
unthreatened by a foreign
invader
• Advancements in science and
architecture and philosophy
• Greece become a dominant
world power
• Athenian Democracy flourishes
• Persia declines as a world
power
3
The Age of Pericles
After the Persian Wars, Athens enjoyed a golden age under
Pericles.
• Periclean Athens was a direct democracy. In this form of
government, large numbers of citizens take part in the day-to-day
affairs of government.
• This meant that Athenian men participated in the assembly and served
on juries.
• Pericles hired architects and sculptors to rebuild the Acropolis, which
the Persians had destroyed.
• Pericles turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece. He did this
with the help of an educated, foreign-born woman named Aspasia.
The Age of Pericles
• Golden Age- Marked my
technological and scientific
advancements as well as a time of
flourishing education and relative
peace and prosperity
• Architecture and Art: Parthenon,
pillars, frieze( statues depicting
Greek gods and heroes), Pottery
depicting every day Greek life
• Drama: Tragedies, Promethus
Bound,Orestia, Oedepus, Medea
and Comedies by Aristophanes
such as Lysisrata and The Birds
Science and Math
• Pythagoras- Theorem explaining
relationships of right triangles and the
origins of trigonometry.
• Greek astronomers determined the
circumference of the earth and the
distance from earth to moon and
other planets.
• Democritus- theory of atoms
• Hypocrites- Father of medicine and
the Hippocratic oath
Philosophy
• Means love of wisdom
• Socrates-Socratic Method, stressed the pursuit of
goodness. Question everything. This led to his eventual
execution
• Plato-Student of Socrates, Established the Academy, He
also questioned things and wrote a book called the
Republic which defended aristocracy over democracy
ruled by philosopher kings.
• Aristotle-Student of Plato who invented logic,
biology,zoology,he a mathematician, a philosopher, and
astronomer. He was also the personal tutor of Alexander
the Great. Perhaps the smartest man who ever lived
The Masters
SOCRATES
Developed Socratic
method, whereby a
series of questions
are posed in order
to challenge
implications of
answers
PLATO
Emphasized importance
of reason
Believed the ideal state
should regulate every
aspect of citizens’ lives to
provide for their best
interest
ARISTOTLE
Favored rule by single
strong and virtuous
leader
Taught that good
conduct meant
pursuing moderation
The Three Goals of Pericles
Goal 1
To make Athens a stronger
Democracy
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He increased the number of
public officials and increased
the pay given to them and had
leaders chosen by lot. He
introduced direct democracy
where all male citizens could
vote in the assembly on all the
laws as well as debate them
and put forth protests and
grievances
Goal 2
To expand the Athenian Empire and
increase its wealth and prosperity
• He used money from the Delian League
(countries that paid protection money to
Athens and who were allied with her) to
build a 200 ship navy which made it the
most powerful naval power in the
Mediterranean. This also secured their trade
and economy
Goal 3
Glorify Athens
• Use the wealth gained from a
strong empire to beautify the
city of Athens with great
works of art and architecture.
He used gold and marble and
ivory to build one of
architecture’s noblest worksthe Parthenon
Drama
• Based on myths and legends as well
as historical events
• Plays dealt with the most important
human feelings and ideas
• There were comedies as well as
tragedies.
• Famous works include:Prometheus
Bound and the Oresteia by
Aeschylus, Medea by Euripides,
Antigone and Oedipus by Sophocles,
even comedies like Lysistrata and
The Birds by Aristophanes
Greek styles in Art
• Simplicity using fluted columns
making them seem taller and
thinner than they actually were
• Friezes (decorative carved
bands on walls)
• Sculptures of Greek athletes
and gods and the most ideal and
near perfect forms
• Artists painted scenes from
everyday life on walls and
pottery
Grecian Art
The Peloponnesian War
• Causes: The Delian League which had been a
military alliance in the Persian War was being
used by Pericles to make Athens the most
powerful city state in Greece demanding large
sums of tribute from its members and taking
many Greek lands by force
• Sparta led a group of city-states in a war
against Athenian expansion
• Results: With the help of Italian states,Persia,a
devastating plague as well as Athens refusal to
accept a negotiated peace Sparta eventually
defeats Athens.
4
The Writing of History
The Greeks applied reason, observation, and__________to
the study of history.
__________is called the “Father of History.”
Herodotus stressed the importance of research, while
Thucydides showed the need to avoid __________.
Herodotus and Thucydides set standards for future
historians.
Results of the Peloponnesian War
• Sparta becomes the most
powerful city state in Greece but is
greatly weakened from years of
fighting.
• Democracy ends in Athens
• A weakened Sparta is defeated by
Thebes which set off civil wars
throughout Greece.
• This would allow a foreign power
from the north,Macedonia, to
sweep in, conquer and annex most
of Greece.
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The Peloponnesian War
CAUSES
Many Greeks outside of
Athens resented Athenian
domination.
Sparta formed the
Peloponnesian League to rival
the Delian League.
Sparta encouraged oligarchy,
while Athens supported
democracy.
EFFECTS
Athenian domination of the
Greek world ended.
Athens recovered economically
and remained the cultural center
of Greece.
Democratic government
suffered.
Corruption and selfish interests
replaced older ideals such as
service to the city-state.
The Rise of the Macedonians
• I. Philip II of Macedonia (359 B.C.)
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A. Brilliant king
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1. Mobilized and trained army of peasants
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2. Ruthless and fearless
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3. Shrewd general
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B. Victory over Greece
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1. Defeats Greeks at Battle of Chaeronea
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2. Greeks now ruled by Macedonia
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a. Local affairs still run by Greeks
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3. Plans to attack Persia, but is assassinated
Alexander of Macedonia (334 B.C.)
• Ambitious Plans
– Well trained in philosophy, military
techniques, science, geography, and
literature.
– Strong combat and horse riding skills
– Only 20 years old
• Conquers Persia
– Using surprising and aggressive
tactics is able to defeat Persians
– Battle of Granicus
– Battle of Issus
– Phalanx / Calvary charge
5
Alexander the Great
Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece. He was assassinated
before he could fulfill his dream of conquering the Persian
empire.
Philip’s son, Alexander, succeeded him to the throne.
Alexander won his first victory against the Persians at the
Granicus River. He then conquered Asia Minor, Palestine,
Egypt, and Babylon.
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush into northern India. There
his troops faced soldiers mounted on war elephants. They
were forced to retreat.
While planning his next battle campaign, Alexander died of a
sudden fever. Three generals divided up the empire.
Alexander’s End
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A. Alexander dies at 32
1. Empire is split up
a. Antigonus (Macedonia)
b. Ptolemy (Egypt)
c. Seleucus (Most of old Persian Empire)
B. Spread of Greek ideas
1. Many Persians and foreigners included in Alexander’s armies
2. Unique blend of Eastern and Greek ideas
3. Vibrant new culture emerged (Hellenistic Culture)
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The Legacy of Alexander
Although Alexander’s empire did not last, he had unleashed
changes that would ripple across the Mediterranean world and
the Middle East for centuries.
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Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture.
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Across the empire, local people assimilated, or absorbed, Greek ideas. In
turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs. Gradually, a blending of eastern
and western cultures occurred.
Many Persians and foreigners included in Alexander’s armies
Vibrant new Hellenistic Culture emerged
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Alexander had encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian woman and
adopting Persian customs.