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MIS 424 Guest Lecture
Welcome
MIS 424
Dr. Steve Ross
April 30, 2007
Overview of SQL Server
Material for this lecture is drawn from SQL Server 2005 Database Essentials,
SQL Queries for Mere Mortals, and the professor’s experience.
Star Wars sounds from http://www.galaxyfaraway.com/Multimedia/sounds.shtml
Presentation Outline



Overview of Relational Database
Management
Introduction to SQL Server
Application Architecture
Overview of Relational
Database Management
How do databases “think”?
What is a Relational Database
Management System?

Software

Three major parts
• Manages storage and retrieval of data
• Stored in two-dimensional tables
• Data definition language (DDL)
• Creation of the database structure
• Data manipulation language (DML)
• CRUD
• Data control language (DCL)
• Controls access to the data
CRUD?





Create new records
Read the data in existing records
Update the data in existing records
Delete records
A “complete” business application must
accomplish the full range of CRUD on all
fields of all tables.
CRUD – SQL Commands




Create
Read
Update
Delete
= INSERT
= SELECT
= UPDATE
= DELETE
Sets

Tables are treated as sets
• A command deals with the entire set or a
•
•

portion thereof determined by a filter
No inherent order unless indexed
Record-by-record processing requires special
methods
The result of a SELECT command is
another set
Relating Data – Joins

Field(s) in one table compared to field(s)
in another
• Inner join … records with matching values
• Left/Right outer join … all records of one
•
•
paired with records of the other with matching
values
Full outer join … all records of both
Joins are normally based on equal values, but
may be based on any relation between the
values of the fields (e.g., <, >, between …)
Sample Query
SELECT S.TERM,S.SUBJECT,S.COURSE_NUMBER,FIRST_NAME + ' ' + LAST_NAME AS S_NAME
FROM dbo.S_SCHEDULE S
INNER JOIN dbo.S_HIST_DETAIL HD ON S.TERM=HD.TERM AND S.CRN=HD.CRN
INNER JOIN dbo.G_PERSON P ON HD.PIDM=P.PIDM
INNER JOIN dbo.S_REG_DETAIL RD ON RD.PIDM=P.PIDM
WHERE S.PRIMARY_INSTRUCTOR_PIDM=5120 AND RD.TERM='200720' AND RD.CRN='21070'
UNION
SELECT S.TERM,S.SUBJECT,S.COURSE_NUMBER,FIRST_NAME + ' ' + LAST_NAME AS S_NAME
FROM dbo.S_SCHEDULE S
INNER JOIN dbo.S_REG_DETAIL RD0 ON S.TERM=RD0.TERM AND S.CRN=RD0.CRN
INNER JOIN dbo.G_PERSON P ON RD0.PIDM=P.PIDM
INNER JOIN dbo.S_REG_DETAIL RD ON RD.PIDM=P.PIDM
WHERE S.PRIMARY_INSTRUCTOR_PIDM=5120 AND RD.TERM='200720' AND RD.CRN='21070'
ORDER BY S.SUBJECT,S.COURSE_NUMBER,S.TERM
Result
TERM
-----200540
200640
200710
200710
200720
200720
SUBJECT
------MIS
MIS
MIS
MIS
MIS
MIS
COURSE_NUMBER
------------320
421
421
421
421
431
(6 row(s) affected)
S_NAME
--------------------Hyun Park
Hyun Park
Alexander Nichols
Daniel Stead
Adam Opitz
Alexander Nichols
Introduction to
SQL Server
Is it any different from
Access?
SQL Server

Microsoft Product
• Originally developed by Sybase and
purchased by Microsoft


“Recent” version: SQL Server 2000
“Current” version: SQL Server 2005
• A.k.a. Yukon
• Integrated with Whidbey – next version of
Visual Studio
What about Microsoft Access?

Both are DBMS
Both allow a lot of records
SQL-Server

Access

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• More power in DDL, DML, DCL
• Handles more data and more concurrent users
• Less expensive
• More readily available
• Includes user interface tools (forms and reports)
Hierarchy of Objects

The Server: RELIANT.CBE.WWU.EDU
• The Instance: MIS424S05
or (port #) 2767
• The Database: KKPMusicStore
Database Objects 
• Specific Object:
tblCustomers
Security



On the server/instance
•
•
Logins
Server Roles
In the database
•
•
Users
Database Roles
Permissions
•
•
Action
Object
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools

Management Studio Object Explorer
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools

Management Studio Object Explorer
•
Graphical interface that allows
• Creation of database objects (DDL)
•
•
•
•
Tables
Views
Stored procedures
User-defined functions
•
•
•
Logins
Server roles
Database roles
• Specification of rights (DCL)
•
Allows direct editing of database data
• Usually a bad idea!
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools

Management Studio Query
• Object browser
• Command line interface
• Create and test statements
• Execute statements – DDL, DML, DCL
• Execution plan
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools
The DBA’s Three Favorite
SQL Server Tools

Books Online
• Help facility
• Help that’s actually helpful!
Application Architecture
How do we get the
information to and from the
user?
N-Tier Architecture*
* Graphic from P.J. Pratt and J.J. Adamski, Concepts of Database Management, 4th Ed.
Primary Concern of the DBA:
Maintaining Data Integrity

Protect existence

Maintain quality

Ensure confidentiality
• Data are available when needed
• Data are accurate, complete, and current
• Data are accessed only by those authorized
to do so
How much access does the database
administrator grant the programming staff?
DBA
Programmer
Maintaining Integrity in Tables




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Field data type, size
Check constraints
Entity integrity (primary key)
Referential integrity (foreign key)
Triggers
• Procedures that execute on insert, update, or
delete actions on the table
Using Views to Maintain Integrity
(In Access, views are called queries)

Specify only certain fields
• Output fields can be renamed to “hide”
internal structure

Filter the records
• Conditions can be based on characteristics of
the user, e.g., his/her ID, department, status
Stored Procedures




Similar to sub-routines in other languages
Provide all aspects of CRUD, most DDL, DCL
• Very good way to return result sets
Transact-SQL (T-SQL) programming language
Procedural structure
•
•
•
Sequence
Iteration
Condition
Stored Procedures

Input and output parameters provide a
consistent interface between programmer and
database administrator
•

cont’d
Facilitates data structure changes
Allow a great deal of internal error-checking
and validation
Stored Procedure Example I
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.uspInsertNewPOS
( @WWUID nchar(10), @CurrID int, @StartQtr int, @Quarter int, @CourseAbbr
nchar (4), @CourseNumb nchar(4), @OtherCrs nvarchar(20), @ElectSet
smallint, @ElectCrs smallint, @CourseCategory nchar(2) )
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
INSERT INTO tblStuPOS
(WWUID,CurrID,StartQtr,ElectSet,ElectCrs,CourseAbbr,CourseNumb,Quarter,
OtherCrs,CourseCategory)
VALUES ( @WWUID, @CurrID, @StartQtr, @ElectSet, @ElectCrs,
@CourseAbbr, @CourseNumb, @Quarter, @OtherCrs, @CourseCategory )
SET NOCOUNT OFF
GO
Stored Procedure Example II
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.uspFoundationCourses
( @CurrID int, @WWUID nchar(10) )
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
SELECT * INTO #tblSelectedStuPOS FROM tblStuPOS WHERE
WWUID=@WWUID
SELECT C.CourseAbbr, C.CourseNumb, C.CurrID, C.DeptAbbr, C.DegreeName,
C.Concentration,C.Requirement, isnull(P.Quarter,999999) as Quarter
FROM dbo.vueCurrCourses C LEFT OUTER JOIN #tblSelectedStuPOS P ON
C.CourseAbbr=P.CourseAbbr AND C.CourseNumb = P.CourseNumb
WHERE (C.Requirement='FD') and C.CurrID=@CurrID
ORDER BY C.CourseAbbr, C.CourseNumb
SET NOCOUNT OFF
GO
Stored Procedure Example III
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.uspDeleteOldPOS
(
@WWUID nchar(10)
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
DELETE FROM tblStuPOS WHERE WWUID=@WWUID
SET NOCOUNT OFF
GO
User-Defined Functions

Similar to functions in other languages

T-SQL programming language
Procedural structure

• Parameters for input
• Single result returned
• Sequence
• Iteration
• Condition
User-Defined Function Example I
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnPassedCourse
(
@dgrade float,
@grade nvarchar(3)
)
RETURNS bit AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @output bit
IF @dgrade > 1.5 or upper(@grade) = 'S'
SET @output = 1
ELSE
SET @output = 0
RETURN @output
END
User-Defined Function Example II
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnLatestDepartment
(
@Person2Edit CHAR(9)
)
RETURNS nvarchar(4) AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @output nvarchar (4)
SELECT @output = DeptAbbr
FROM dbo.tblAppointment
WHERE PersonID=@Person2Edit AND TermCode =
(SELECT MAX(TermCode) FROM dbo.tblAppointment
WHERE PersonID = @Person2Edit)
RETURN @output
END
Triggers
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Attached to a table
“Fires” on insert, update, or delete
Able to access
• Old (deleted or updated) values
• New (inserted or updated) values
Trigger can reference and change other
tables
Trigger Examples
CREATE TRIGGER ut_CreateSale ON [dbo].[tblSaleItem]
FOR INSERT, UPDATE AS
UPDATE vueProductInventory
SET QuantityOnHand =
QuantityOnHand - (SELECT QuantitySold FROM INSERTED)
WHERE ProductCode = (SELECT ProductCode FROM INSERTED)
CREATE TRIGGER ut_DeleteSale ON [dbo].[tblSaleItem]
FOR UPDATE, DELETE AS
UPDATE vueProductInventory
SET QuantityOnHand =
QuantityOnHand + (SELECT QuantitySold FROM DELETED)
WHERE ProductCode = (SELECT ProductCode FROM DELETED)
What are your questions?
Thank You for your
attention and interest