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Before we begin… • Introduce yourself. Do mention something about your educational and professional backgrounds. • What are your goals for graduation? What do you want to do?? © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 1 IT 390 - Business Database Administration Unit 1: Database History, Models, and Structure © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 2 Primary Lesson Objectives • Explain the history, basic models and components of databases. • Identify the importance of Relational Algebra, SQL, and ERD Diagrams. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 3 More Details… • • • • • • • • • Identify the components of a database and their uses. Define DBMS and RDBMS. Identify the differences between DBMS and RDBMS. Identify the features and functionality of RDBMS. Identify the data models used for organizing data. Identify the types of databases and their functionality. Analyze the E-R data model. Identify the object-oriented logical data model. Explain the basic components of databases. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 4 Databases: An Overview • Databases are organized collection of related data. • Databases can contain data of the following data types at a single location: Text Graphic Audio Video • An example is a Hotel which has a “guest” list with details about guest (room number, length of stay, mini-bar tab, etc.) © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 5 Features of a Database • A database has the following features: Stores data in an organized manner. Searches and retrieves the stored data. Maintains a single copy of the data. Provides security to the stored data. • Several corporations produce database software products. Two BIG players are Microsoft and Oracle © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 6 Database?………I thought I was a __________ Guru??? © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 7 Data and Information • Data are raw facts that may or may not be useful for the user. • Information is processed data that holds some meaning to the user. • A physical database is just a file cabinet. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 8 Data Sharing instead of physical duplication • Data sharing is defined as a process by which the data stored at a single location can be simultaneously accessed and modified by multiple users. • Data sharing aims at reducing the duplicity of data. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 9 Class Activity • Which of the following has the most similar structure to that of a database? A library of books A store containing paper and pens A car A video cassette © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 10 Solution • A library resembles the structure of a database. This is because as books are arranged in each bookshelf of a library, similarly, data is stored and arranged in a database. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 11 Class Activity- Data vs. Information • From the list below classify which of the following is data and which is information: 12 12*8=96 There are two people in the room. Room © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 12 Solution • Data is: 12 Room • Information is: 12*8= 96 There are two people in the room © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 13 Class Activity- data sharing vs. non-sharing • In a track and field sports meet, multiple events are being conducted at different venues. The overall results need to be declared and compared, but the results for the track and field events have not been updated properly or in a timely manner. • The result is angry participants and confused spectators. What is this called in database terms? © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 14 Solution • Data inconsistency © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 15 Database Management Software © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 16 DBMS Database Database Software Vendors © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 17 Database Advantages • • • • • Data Integrity Data Accuracy Control of Data dependence Control of Data redundancy Better Security © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 18 Introducing Data Models Define the structure that needs to be conceptualized to implement a database. Data models are: A set of data structure types A collection A set of operators of integrity rules You can view data model as a prototype of a database. It’s the framework for the way we want to implement our database. Data Model (Prototype) © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 19 Database The Relational Database Model © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 20 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 21 Tables, also called RELATIONS • Tables are a collection of records that are arranged in the following format: Rows (Records or Tuples) / Horizontal Columns (Fields or Attributes) / Vertical Columns Rows StudID StudName StudAge S001 Jack 21 S002 Mary 20 S003 Kate 22 S004 Patrick 19 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 22 Components of a Database • The main components of a database are: Record S003 Kate 22 Table StudID StudName StudAge S001 Jack 21 S002 Mary 20 S003 Kate 22 S004 Patrick 19 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 23 Relational Database Management System • An RDBMS has the following components: Relation (table) Tuple (record or row) Attribute (column or field) © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 24 Other Types of Data Models • Record-based logical models • Network Model (Interconnected) • Hierarchical Model (Tree structure) • Object-based logical models © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 25 File or Record-based Model The data is structured in fixed format records. For example, a firm that has outsourced its processes to (partners in) multiple locations might NEED to use a recordbased logical model. The partners might not have the same database system. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 26 Network Data Model © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 27 Hierarchical Data Model © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 28 Linux as an example of the Hierarchical Model © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 29 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 30 Object-Based Logical Models Entity Car Color Attributes For example, an automobile design firm that stores its information for designing car models might use an objectbased logical model. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 31 Model More About Object-oriented Data Model (OODM) The Object-oriented data model (OODM) covers: Implementation for complex or large objects called BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects) like images. High compatibility with Object-oriented programming languages, such as C++ and Java. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 32 Class Activity • Identify the type of database that needs to be used for the scenario: A company needs to store information including pictures on different types of automobiles, parts and their common characteristics, such as model, wheels, and weights. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 33 Solution • An Object-oriented database is suited for the scenario. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 34 Class Activity • Identify the type of database that needs to be used for the scenario. A company needs to store text information on various departments of an organization. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 35 Solution • A Relational database is suited for the scenario. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 36 Class Activity • Identify the type of database that needs to be used for the scenario. A garment manufacturing unit wants to store information of their product text feedback, such as shrinkage, color, and texture. In addition, the unit wants to integrate modeling video of various garments into the existing organizational database. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 37 Solution • An Object-relational database is suited for the scenario. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 38 Class Activity • Identify the components of OODM: Car Vehicle Ignition Motor-Bike Two-wheeler Shifting gears Four-wheeler © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 39 Solution • The Objects are: Car Motor-Bike • The Methods are: Ignition Shifting-gears © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 40 Solution (cont.) • Identifying Inheritance (letting other objects inherit characteristics) Vehicle Two-wheeler © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 41 Four-wheeler Three-tiered Visualization © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 42 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 43 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 44 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 45 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 46 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 47 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 48 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 49 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 50 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 51 Database Domains © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 52 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 53 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 54 Class Activity- Keys • What should be the primary key in the following table structure of Employee_LoansTaken table: Employee name Amount of loan taken Type of security Employee ID code Amount still payable © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 55 Solutions • Employee code should be the primary key because: Employee ID code is unique for each employee. Employee ID code cannot be blank (NULL). Other fields, such as employee name can have same values for multiple occurrences. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 56 Class Activity • Identify the Entities and Attributes in the figure: • What do the symbols mean in ERD diagrams? © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 57 Solutions • The Entities are: Square Circle Triangle • The Attributes are: Size Color • The Symbols mean: Rectangle or Square is an Entity/table Oval or Circle is an attribute Diamond or Triangle is a relationship © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 58 Entity-Relationship Model • An approach to representing data in a database • Entities are drawn as rectangles • Relationships are drawn as diamonds with lines connecting the entities involved in relationships © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 59 One-to-many relationship © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 60 Many-to-Many Relationship © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 61 Many-to-Many Relationship © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 62 One-to-Many Relationship © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 63 Many-to-Many Relationship with Attributes © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 64 Composite Entity • Composite entity - an entity that exists to implement a many-to-many relationship Essentially both an entity and a relationship Represented in an E-R diagram by a diamond within a rectangle © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 65 Composite Entity © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 66 Complete E-R Diagram © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 67 E-R Diagram with an Existence Dependency and Weak Entity • Existence dependency - when the existence of one entity depends on the existence of another related entity • Indicate an existence dependency by placing an “E” in the relationship diamond • Weak entity - an entity that depends on another entity for its own existence • A double rectangle encloses a weak entity © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 68 E-R Diagram with an Existence Dependency and Weak Entity © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 69 Cardinality • Cardinality - the number of items that must be included in a relationship • An entity in a relationship with minimum cardinality of zero plays an optional role in the relationship • An entity with a minimum cardinality of one plays a mandatory role in the relationship © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 70 E-R Diagram that Represents Cardinality © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 71 Database Middleware • Integrates the existing data into a common uniform framework. • Provides security and efficient fault-and-performance management for DBAs. • Is of two types: Native database middleware Database generic middleware © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 72 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 73 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 74 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 75 © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 76 Summary • Database design is a two-part process of determining an appropriate database structure to satisfy a given set of requirements • A user view is the set of necessary requirements to support a particular user’s operations • A database design is represented in a language called Database Design Language (DBDL) • Designs can be represented pictorially using entityrelationship (E-R) diagrams © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 77 Summary • Advantages to both top-down and bottom-up approaches • One-to-One and One-to-Many relationships require attention to primary keys • Entity-relationship (E-R) model is a method of representing the structure of a database using an ER diagram • Nowadays, there are really only 2 kinds of databases, Relational and Object-oriented. Other deprecated models existed in the past like Network and Hierarchical. © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 78 • Question(s)?? • LAB TIME!!! © 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: IT390 Business Database Administration Unit 1 Slide 79