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OBJECTIVES (18 QUESTIONS) Differentiate among colonization, infection, and contamination Identify occurrences, reservoirs, incubation periods, periods of communicability, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and susceptibility associated with the disease process Interpret results of diagnostic/laboratory reports Recognize limitations and advantages of types of tests used to diagnose infectious processes Recognize epidemiologically significant organisms for immediate review and investigation Differentiate among prophylactic, empiric, and therapeutic uses of antimicrobials Identify indications for environmental microbiologic monitoring INFECTION & IMMUNITY • • • Colonization-presence of microorganisms in or on a host with growth but without tissue invasion or damage Infection- entry of an infectious agent in the tissues of the host that multiplies and creates symptoms Contamination – presence of microorganisms on inanimate objects (e.g. clothing, surgical instruments), on skin or in substances (e.g., water, food, milk) INFECTION & IMMUNITY Chain of Infection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Causative agent Reservoir of the agent Portal of exit of the agent from the reservoir Mode of transmission of the agent Portal of entry into host Susceptible host INFECTION & IMMUNITY Microbial pathogenicity Human immune system (humoral and cellular) Host defenses MICROBIOLOGY Routine environmental monitoring generally not recommended Quality assurance Biologicals for sterilizers Monthly dialysis Special environmental monitoring – ie epidemiologic investigation LAB TESTS & DIAGNOSTICS Direct Examination Detection of Antigen/Antibody reaction varicella, MMR Molecular Diagnostic Testing gram stain, histology PCR for TB Test for Infectious Process CBC, urinalysis, CSF analysis LAB TESTS & DIAGNOSTICS Sensitivity : a test to prove that a positive test is truly positive Specificity: a test to prove that a negative test is really negative ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY Prophylactic – antimicrobial given to prevent infection Empiric – antimicrobial therapy Therapeutic – pathogen directed INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CONDITIONS o Anthrax o Aspergillosis o Botulism o Brucella o Candidiasis o Chickenpox/Herpes Zoster – Varicella/Shingles o Foodborne Illnesses o Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Norovirus, Rotavirus INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CONDITIONS o Hepatitis A, B, C o HIV o Influenza o Legionella o Measles o Meningitis o Mumps INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CONDITIONS o Pertussis o RSV o Rubella-German Measles o SARS or other emerging respiratory disease o Scabies, Lice o STDs o TB