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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
Chapter 4
Using SQL in PL/SQL
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2006
Using SQL Statements
Using SQL Built-in Functions
Using Pseudo Columns
Using Cursors
Dynamic SQL Statements
Regular Expressions
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types
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Data Control Language (DCL) command can
be used directly inside PL/SQL.
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Data Manipulation Language (DML)
commands can be used directly inside PL/SQL
blocks.
Data Definition Language (DDL) commands
cannot be used directly inside PL/SQL blocks,
but they can be used indirectly through dynamic
SQL statements.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types: DCL
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Single DML statements are an all or nothing proposition,
known as autonomous transactions:
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Two or more DML statements as a set of activities can
act as autonomously but can be controlled as groups
using DCL commands; and these are known as
transactions, not autonomous transactions:
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You type COMMIT to accept a DML SQL statement.
You type ROLLBACK to reject a DML SQL statement.
A transaction requires that all DML statements succeed or fail.
A transaction is ACID compliant and has four properties: Atomic,
Consistent, Isolated, and Durable.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types: DCL
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SAVEPOINT sets a named transaction marker.
COMMIT makes permanent any changes made
by a user during a session.
ROLLBACK undoes any changes made by a user:
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To the beginning of session when the command does
not refer to a SAVEPOINT; which models
autonomous transactions.
To the named SAVEPOINT provided as an actual
parameter to the ROLLBACK command; which models
transactions.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types: Autonomous Transactions
BEGIN
UPDATE
a_table
SET
name = 'Autonomous'
WHERE
id = 1;
EXCEPTION
WHEN others THEN
ROLLBACK;
END;
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Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types: Transactions
BEGIN
SAVEPOINT beginning;
INSERT INTO parent_table
VALUES (parent_id, name);
INSERT INTO child_table
VALUES (child_id, parent_id, name);
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN others THEN
ROLLBACK TO beginning;
END;
/
2006
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types: Transactions
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SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY
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SET TRANSACTION READ WRITE
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Constrains the transaction scope of action, requiring all pending transactions
to abort when encountering locked rows.
SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
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Constrains the transaction scope of action, requiring all pending transactions
to wait on any locked row.
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE
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The default state frees the transaction to write data.
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED
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Constrains the transaction scope of action, which is useful when working in
snapshot databases.
Constrains the transaction to a named ROLLBACK segment, which enables you
to target large transactions to large ROLLBACK segments, but this is not
generally used when you’re using automatic undo management.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Command Types: Query Locking Rows
DECLARE
CURSOR c IS
SELECT * FROM a_table
FOR UPDATE [NOWAIT]; -- NOWAIT aborts for locked rows.
BEGIN
FOR i IN c LOOP
processing_statement;
END LOOP;
END;
/
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Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
SQL Built-in Functions
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PL/SQL supports SQL built-in functions, and they
can be used:
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In SQL statements inside PL/SQL blocks.
In PL/SQL statements and against PL/SQL variables.
SQL built-in functions are qualified in the
STANDARD package owned by the SYS user.
The STANDARD package addresses DATE,
NUMBER and VARCHAR2 data types.
The DBMS_LOB package addresses LOB data
types.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Pseudo Columns: ROWID and ROWNUM
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ROWID is a pseudo column that contains
the physical block address to a row.
ROWNUM is a pseudo column that contains
the number of rows processed by an
explicit cursor, which is the number of
rows, which are selected from a table.
ROWNUM pseudo column can get Top-N
SQL query results.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Pseudo Columns: SQL%ROWCOUNT
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SQL%ROWCOUNT is a cursor attribute that
contains the number of rows processed by
any SQL statement, like when you:
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Insert rows into a table.
Update rows in a table.
Delete rows from a table.
Selecte rows from a table.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Using Cursors
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All DML statements (INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE)
inside PL/SQL blocks are implicit cursors.
All DQL statements are implicit or explicit cursors:
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Cursors are copies of stored data in private work areas.
All system reference cursors are explicit cursors that are:
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Implicit DQL statements are not defined in the declaration
section.
Explicit DQL statements are defined in the declaration section.
Strongly typed, or reference a catalog object.
Weakly typed, or do not reference a catalog object.
Capable of being passed as parameters to subroutines.
Capable of being returned values from subroutines.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Catalog Types: Implicit Cursor
BEGIN
FOR i IN (SELECT id, name FROM a_table) LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('ID:
['||i.id||']');
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ['||i.name||']');
END LOOP;
END;
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Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Catalog Types: Explicit Cursor
DECLARE
CURSOR c (id_in NUMBER) IS
SELECT id, name FROM a_table WHERE id = id_in;
BEGIN
FOR i IN c LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('ID:
['||i.id||']');
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ['||i.name||']');
END LOOP;
END;
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Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Catalog Types: Explicit Cursor
DECLARE
a_name
VARCHAR2(10);
CURSOR c IS SELECT name FROM a_table;
BEGIN
OPEN c;
LOOP
FETCH c INTO a_number;
EXIT WHEN c%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ['||a_name||']');
END LOOP;
CLOSE c;
END;
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Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Catalog Types: Strongly Typed Reference Cursor
DECLARE
TYPE strong_cursor IS REF CURSOR RETURN a_table%ROWTYPE;
cursor_variable
STRONG_CURSOR;
row
a_table%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cursor_variable FOR
SELECT * FROM a_table;
LOOP
FETCH cursor_variable INTO row;
EXIT WHEN cursor_variable%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Print ['||row.name||']');
END LOOP;
CLOSE cursor_variable;
END;
/
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
2006
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Catalog Types: Weakly Typed Reference Cursor
DECLARE
TYPE weak_cursor IS REF CURSOR;
cursor_variable
WEAK_CURSOR;
row
a_table%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cursor_variable FOR
SELECT * FROM a_table;
LOOP
FETCH cursor_variable INTO row;
EXIT WHEN cursor_variable%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Print ['||row.name||']');
END LOOP;
CLOSE cursor_variable;
END;
/
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
2006
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Dynamic SQL Statements
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Dynamic SQL statements are executed as
autonomous transactions, natively in a SQL*Plus
subshell.
Dynamic SQL statements provide the means to
run DDL statements in PL/SQL blocks, provided
they don’t alter a table referenced in the same
block.
Dynamic SQL is also known as NDS, which
stands for Native Dynamic SQL.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Regular Expressions
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REGEXP_LIKE()
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REGEXP_INSTR()
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Enables regular expression search and replace actions.
REGEXP_SUBSTR()
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Enables regular expression searches to locate a position in a
string.
REGEXP_REPLACE()
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Enables regular expression searches of character strings.
Enables regular expression searches to locate a substring in a
string.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
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Using SQL in PL/SQL
Regular Expressions: Metacharacters
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*
.
^
[]
$
\
()
\
Matches zero or more characters.
A valid character.
Begins pattern matching from beginning of a line.
Groups characters, treats them as by a logical OR
operation.
Ends pattern matching at the end of the line.
Escape character back quotes a special character,
signaling it should be treated as an ordinary one.
Groups strings, which are delimited by a | symbol.
Escape character back quotes a special character,
signaling it should be treated as an ordinary one.
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
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Summary
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2006
Using SQL Statements
Using SQL Built-in Functions
Using Pseudo Columns
Using Cursors
Dynamic SQL Statements
Regular Expressions
Oracle Database PL/SQL 10g Programming
(Chapter 4)
Page 22