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Transcript
TAIR Galveston 2008 Ad Hoc Query Reporting – SQL 101 Tips, Tools & Techniques Ms. Bonnie Hurford, Tarleton State University Ms. Lauren Morton, Tarleton State University Wednesday, February 6th, 3:30 p.m. Concurrent Sessions F Topics for Discussion What is SQL? Overview of SQL Statements Syntax for SELECT Joins Restricting Rows Operations Functions CASE Statement I wish I knew then… IR SQL Example Questions & Answers What is SQL Anyway? Structured Query Language (SQL) is the industry standard for interacting with relational databases Processes sets of data as groups and navigates the data stored within various tables Create, modify tables, enter & maintain data & retrieve data From “Oracle 9i: SQL with an Introduction to PL/SQL” by Morris-Murphy Basic SQL Statements Data Manipulation Language (DML) SELECT: retrieve a set of data stored in the database. INSERT INTO: add new rows of data into a table UPDATE: changes existing data in your database DELETE: removes rows of data from a table Basic SQL Statements SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table ALTER TABLE - changes a table DROP TABLE - deletes a database table CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key) DROP INDEX - deletes an index SELECT Statement Syntax SELECT [DISTINCT] * or column1, column2 AS alias… FROM table1, table2… WHERE conditions GROUP BY column1, column2… HAVING group conditions ORDER BY column1,… ASC | DESC; Operations within the SELECT Statement Column Alias – assign meaningful name to a column DISTINCT – eliminates duplicates SELECT (on_campus_hrs + off_campus_hrs) AS SCH Concatenation – combine two or more columns SELECT DISTINCT id, l_name, f_name… Arithmetic Operations – multiply *, divide /, add +, subtract – Example: majr_code1 AS major l_name || ‘, ’ || f_name Smith, John Single Row Functions SUBSTR, TRUNC, UPPER, LOWER, LENGTH, etc. Operations within the SELECT Statement Group Functions (multiple row function) AVG, SUM, COUNT MAX, MIN CASE Statement – assign more meaningful descriptions to a value in a column (CASE WHEN gender_code = ‘F’ THEN ‘Female’ WHEN gender_code = ‘M’ THEN ‘Male’ ELSE ‘Not Reported’ END) AS gender; WHERE Statements (Restricting Rows) Mathematical Comparison Operators = <> < > <= >= WHERE year = ‘2008’ Other Comparison Operators IN, BETWEEN x AND y, LIKE, IS NULL WHERE year IN (‘2008’, ‘2007’, ‘2006’) Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT Joining Tables Equality/Simple Join – method used to combine two or more tables based on a common column. SELECT a.crn, a.subject, a.crs_num, b.fac_name FROM courses a, faculty b WHERE a.fac_id = b.fac_id; “a” is known as the column qualifier and indicates the from which table the column is being referenced. I Wish I Knew Then… Start a library of base SQL code Get to know your data Data Types, Formats, Tables, Views Use a SQL software tool Registered students, Admitted students PL/SQL Developer Toad SQL Developer SQL*Plus Keep your reference materials on hand SQL 101 Books SQL Code Websites http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ SQL Example A faculty member would like a list of Fall 2007 Registered Students that have not declared a major so that he can advise them. He does not want to include students attending the Killeen and Gatesville campuses. He would like to include phone number and gender, so he will know to address them as Mr. or Ms. when he contacts them. Take it step by step… Narrow down the data with a WHERE Use an AND to add more conditions Exclude rows with a NOT IN Use a DISTINCT to return a row only once Concatenate fields Use a CASE statement to make the data easier for users Finish the request Ship the data to the user Most SQL tools will provide a way to export the data to other formats like Excel or .PDF Questions? Presenter Information Tarleton State University Office of Planning, Evaluation & Institutional Research Box-T 0505 Stephenville, TX 76402 http://www.tarleton.edu/~opeir