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Transition Metal Chemistry The Chemistry of the d-block elements The Periodic Table s d p Electronic configurations Using the aufbau principle: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d1 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6 The two exceptions You would expect Chromium to have the electronic configuration: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d4 But in fact it has the configuration: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5 There is a special stability associated with half-filled and full subshells. Copper: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10 Ions • Transition metals are defined as metallic elements with an incomplete d sub-shell in at least one of their ions. • Form positive (+) ions by losing electrons. • These electrons come from the 4s sub-shell first, then from the 3d sub-shell: Fe atom: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6 Fe2+ ion: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d6 Complex Ions and Complexes Understanding Transition metal compounds In aqueous solution • Transition metal ions exist as complex ions in aqueous solution, e.g. Co(H2O)62+ What shape is this? Ligands Formed through donation of electron pairs Coordinate covalent bond The water molecules are an example of ligands LIGAND: molecules or anions which attach to the metal atom in a complex via coordinate (dative) covalent bonds Number of bonds formed with ligands = COORDINATION NUMBER Assemble is known as a COMPLEX ION So instead of existing in solution as free ions, e.g. Cu2+, exist as complex ions, Cu(H2O)52+ Shapes of complex ions Naming ligands Ligand Bromide Carbonate Cyanide Hydroxide Ammonia Carbon monoxide Water Name Bromo Carbonato Cyano Hydroxo Ammine Carbonyl Aqua Categories of ligand • MONODENTATE LIGAND: the ligand bonds to the metal using one atom • POLYDENTATE LIGANDS: the ligand bonds to the metal using more than one atom Common Examples Chlorophyll Haemoglobin Determining coordination number Number of bonds formed with ligands = COORDINATION NUMBER Complex ion Ag(NH3)2+ HgI3W(CO)64+ Coordination number 2 3 6 6 is the most common coordination number Forming a complex • The cation or anion cannot exist on their own and must have their charges balanced • The complex ion will bond with oppositely charged ions to form a complex Complex [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 Cation Pt(NH3)64+ [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 Pt(NH3)4Cl22+ K4[Fe(CN)6] K+ Anion ClCl- Fe(CN)64- Naming Coordination Compounds 1. Cation precedes anion 2. Complex ion names are one word: ligands first, then metal 3. Ligands will have a Greek prefix in front 4. If the complex ion is an anion, it ends in -ate 5. The metal name is followed by the oxidation state in Roman Numerals Old vs New • CuSO4·5H2O vs [Cu(H2O)5SO4] • Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate • Pentaaquacuprum(II) sulphate Colour in Transition Metal Compounds Why coloured? Transition metal ions are often coloured They absorb EM radiation because of loss of degeneracy of d-orbitals Those which absorb in the visible region will appear the complementary colour • The 5 d-orbitals in an isolated atom are degenerate • Ligands cause the d-orbitals to become nondegenerate • Different ligands cause different splitting effects Crystal field splitting (energy), Δ In an octahedral complex, the ligands lie on the x, y and z axis Their electrons have a greater repulsive effect on the d-orbitals which lie on the same axis Spectrochemical Series • An arrangement of ligands according to the relative magnitudes of the crystal field splittings they induce in the d-orbitals of a metal ion Weak-bonding ligands Strong-bonding ligands • I-< Br-< Cl- < F- < OH- < H2O < NH3 < NO2- < CN- < COIncreasing Δ Therefore, different ligands will result in different colours Gemstones Cr3+ in Al2O3 Cr3+ in Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Catalysis Transition metals as catalysts • Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy • Transition metals can use half-filled or empty orbitals to form intermediate complexes (e.g. 4p) • They can change oxidation state during a reaction, then revert back to their original state