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Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 1 Are Viruses Living or Non-living? Viruses are both and neither They have some properties of life but not others For example, viruses can be killed, even crystallized like table salt However, they can’t maintain a constant internal state (homeostasis). 2 What are Viruses? A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. 3 Viral History 4 Discovery of Viruses Beijerinck (1897) coined the Latin name “virus” meaning poison He studied filtered plant juices & found they caused healthy plants to become sick 5 Tobacco Mosaic Virus Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick tobacco plants He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acid and protein 6 Smallpox Edward Jenner (1796) developed a smallpox vaccine using milder cowpox viruses Deadly viruses are said to be virulent Smallpox has been eradicated in the world today 7 Viewing Viruses Viruses are smaller than the smallest cell Measured in nanometers Viruses couldn’t be seen until the electron microscope was invented in the 20th century 8 Size of Viruses 9 Viral Structure 10 Characteristics Non living structures Noncellular Contain a protein coat called the capsid Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA Capable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell 11 Characteristics Some viruses are DNA enclosed in an protective envelope Some viruses may have spikes to help attach to the host cell Most viruses infect only SPECIFIC host ENVELOPE cells CAPSID SPIKES 12 Characteristics Viral capsids (coats) are made of individual protein subunits Individual subunits are called capsomeres CAPSOMERES 13 Characteristics Outside of host cells, viruses are inactive Lack ribosomes and enzymes needed for metabolism Use the raw materials and enzymes of the host cell to be able to reproduce EBOLA VIRUS HIV VIRUS 14 Characteristics Some viruses cause disease Smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, warts, AIDS, Ebola Some viruses may cause some cancers like leukemia Virus-free cells are rare MEASLES 15 Viral Shapes Viruses come in a variety of shapes Some may be helical shape like the Ebola virus Some may be polyhedral shapes like the influenza virus Others have more complex shapes like bacteriophages 16 Helical Viruses 17 Polyhedral Viruses 18 Complex Viruses 19 Taxonomy of Viruses 20 Viral Taxonomy Family names end in -viridae Genus names end in -virus Viral species: A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host). Common names are used for species Subspecies are designated by a number 21 Viral Taxonomy Examples Herpesviridae Herpesvirus Human herpes virus 1, HHV 2, HHV 3 Retroviridae Lentivirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1, HIV 2 22 Herpes Virus SIMPLEX I and II 23 Adenovirus COMMON COLD 24 Influenza Virus 25 Chickenpox Virus 26 Papillomavirus – Warts! 27 Used for Virus Identification RNA or DNA Virus Do or do NOT have an envelope Capsid shape HOST they infect 28 Bacteriophages 29 Phages Viruses that attack bacteria are called bacteriophage or just phage T-phages are a specific class of bacteriophages with icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and tails 30 T-phages The most commonly studied T-phages are T4 and T7 They infect E. coli , an intestinal bacteria Six small spikes at the base of a contractile tail are used to attach to the host cell Inject viral DNA into cell 31 Escherichia Coli Bacterium T - EVEN PHAGES ATTACK THIS BACTERIUM 32 T-Even Bacteriophages 33 Diagram of T-4 Bacteriophage Head with 20 triangular surfaces Capsid contains DNA Head & tail fibers made of protein 34 Retroviruses 35 Characteristics of Retroviruses Contain RNA, not DNA Family Retroviridae Contain enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase When a retrovirus infects a cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell 36 ENZYME 37 Retroviruses The enzyme reverse transcriptase (or RTase), which causes synthesis of a complementary DNA molecule (cDNA) using virus RNA as a template RTase 38 Retroviruses HIV, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirus Feline Leukemia Virus is also a retrovirus 39 Viroids & Prions 40 Viroids Small, circular RNA molecules without a protein coat Infect plants Potato famine in Ireland Resemble introns cut out of eukaryotic 41 Prions Prions are “infectious proteins” They are normal body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins They have no DNA or RNA The main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called “PrP” 42 Prion Diseases Prions form insoluble deposits in the brain Causes neurons to rapidly degeneration. Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalitis: BSE) is an example People in New Guinea used to suffer from kuru, which they got from eating the brains of their enemies 43 Viral Replication 44 Viral Attack Viruses are very specific as to which species they attack HOST specific Humans rarely share viral diseases with other animals Eukaryotic viruses usually have protective envelopes made from the host cell membrane 45 5 Steps of Lytic Cycle 1. Attachment to the cell 2. Penetration (injection) of viral DNA or RNA 3. Replication (Biosynthesis) of new viral proteins and nucleic acids 4. Assembly (Maturation) of the new viruses 5. Release of the new viruses into the environment (cell lyses) 46 Bacteriophage Replication Bacteriophage inject their nucleic acid They lyse (break open) the bacterial cell when replication is finished 47 Lytic Cycle Review Attachment Penetration Biosynthesis Maturation Release Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell Production of phage DNA and proteins Assembly of phage particles Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall 48 Bacterial cell wall Bacterial chromosome Capsid DNA Capsid Sheath 1 Attachment: Phage attaches to host cell. Tail fiber Base plate Pin Cell wall Tail Plasma membrane 2 Penetration: Phage pnetrates host cell and injects its DNA. Sheath contracted Tail core 3 Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells 49 Tail DNA 4 Maturation: Viral components are assembled into virions. Capsid 5 Release: Host cell lyses and new virions are released. Tail fibers 50 One-step Growth Curve 51 Viral Latency Some viruses have the ability to become dormant inside the cell Called latent viruses They may remain inactive for long periods of time (years) Later, they activate to produce new viruses in response to some external signal HIV and Herpes viruses are examples 52 Lysogenic Cycle Phage DNA injected into host cell Viral DNA joins host DNA forming a prophage When an activation signal occurs, the phage DNA starts replicating 53 Lysogenic Cycle Viral DNA (part of prophage) may stay inactive in host cell for long periods of time Replicated during each binary fission Over time, many cells form containing the prophages 54 Viral Latency Once a prophage cell is activated, host cell enters the lytic cell New viruses form a & the cell lyses (bursts) Virus said to be virulent (deadly) ACTIVE STAGE INACTIVE STAGE 55 Virulent Viruses HOST CELL LYSES & DIES 56 The Lysogenic Cycle 57 Latency in Eukaryotes Some eukaryotic viruses remain dormant for many years in the nervous system tissues Chickenpox (caused by the virus Varicella zoster) is a childhood infection It can reappear later in life as shingles, a painful itching rash limited to small areas of the body SHINGLES 58 Latency in Eukaryotes Herpes viruses also become latent in the nervous system A herpes infection lasts for a person’s lifetime Genital herpes (Herpes Simplex 2) Cold sores or fever blisters (Herpes Simplex1) SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT PASSED AT BIRTH TO BABY 59 Virulence VIRUS DESTROYING HOST CELL 60 Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles 61 Treatment for Viral Disease 62 Vaccines An attenuated virus is a weakened, less vigorous virus “Attenuate" refers to procedures that weaken an agent of disease (heating) A vaccine against a viral disease can be made from an attenuated, less virulent strain of the virus Attenuated virus is capable of stimulating an immune response and creating immunity, but not causing illness 63 Other Viral Treatments Interferon are naturally occurring proteins made by cells to fight viruses Genetic altering of viruses (attenuated viruses) Antiviral drugs (AZT) Protease inhibitors – prevent capsid formation 64 65