Download prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

CELLS
THE CELL THEORY
THE TENETS OF THE CELL
THEORY
• ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE
OR MORE CELLS
• THE CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL UNIT OF
LIFE
• CELLS CAN ARISE ONLY BY DIVISION FROM
A PREEXISTING CELL.
CELLS
EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC
CHARACTERISTICS
• SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO
COMMON ANCESTORS
• DIFFERING CHARACTERISTICS DUE
TO EVOLUTION
SIMILARITIES
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CELL MEMBRANES
GENETIC INFORMATION
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
METABOLIC PATHWAYS
ENERGY CONSERVATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SIMILAR ENZYMES
DIFFERENCES
• COMPLEXITY OF
CHROMOSOMES
• DIVISION OF CELLS
– MEIOSIS/MITOSIS
• LIPID MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES
• MITOCHONDRIA/CHLO
ROPLASTS
• CYTOSKELETON
• CILIA
• ENDOCYTOSIS &
EXOCYTOSIS
• CELLULOSE/CHITIN IN
CELL WALLS
• DIPLOIDY
• RNA POLYMERASES
• SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
KARYON = NUCLEUS
• PRO = BEFORE
• EU = TRUE
CYTOPLASM
PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
• NON MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES
• NUCLEOID
• PLASMIDS
• RIBOSOMES
• INCLUSION BODIES
– SOME
• MEMBRANE BOUND
ORGANELLES
• PLASMA MEMBRANE
– LIPID
– MESOSOMES
• INCLUSION BODIES
– SOME
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
• BOUND BY LIPID
MEMBRANES
• MITOCHONDRIA
• CHLOROPLASTS
• LYSOSOMES
• ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• GOLGI APPARATUS
• PLASMA MEMBRANE
• NUCLEUS
• MICROBODIES
• VACUOLES/VESSICLES
• NOT BOUND BY LIPID
MEMBRANES
• RIBOSOMES
• CENTRIOLES
• BASAL BODIES
• CYTOSKELETON
CELL DIVISION
• EUKARYOTE
• DIVISION OF THE
NUCLEUS
– MITOSIS
– MEIOSIS
• DIVISION OF THE
CYTOPLASM
– CYTOKINESIS
– BINARY FISSION
– BUDDING
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PROKARYOTE
NO NUCLEUS
BINARY FISSION
BUDDING
MITOSIS/BINARY FISSION
MITOSIS/BUDDING
MITOSIS/CYTOKINESIS
PROKARYOTIC BINARY FISSION
• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farab
ee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html
PROKARYOTIC BUDDING
SEXUAL RECOMBINATION
• EUKARYOTES
– MEIOSIS
• PROKARYOTES
– TRANSDUCTION
– TRANSFORMATION
– CONJUGATION
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC
THE PROKARYOTES
KINGDOM MONERA
GENERALIZED
STRUCTURE
CELLULAR APPENDAGES
• COMMON BUT NOT FOUND ON ALL
SPECIES
• FLAGELLA AND AXIAL FILAMENTS
• FIMBRIAE AND PILI
ATTACHMENTS FOR
MOTILITY
FLAGELLA
• EXTREMELY THIN
• PROVIDES
MOTILITY
• FILAMENT
• HOOK
• BASAL BODY
• ROTATES 360
DEGREES
FLAGELLAR
ARRANGEMENTS
MONOTRICHOUS,
LOPHOTICHOUS,
AMPHITRICHOUS,
PERITRICHOUS
MONOTRICHOUS
LOPHOTRICHOUS
AMPHITRICHOUS
PERITRICHOUS
SWIMMING SPEED OF
BACTERIA
• POLAR
FLAGELLATED-THIOSPIRILLUM,
PSEUDOMONAS
AERUGINOSA
• PERITRICHOUS-ESCHERICIA COLI
BACTERIAL FLAGELLA AND
TAXONOMY
• NUMBER AND PLACEMENT CAN
HELP IDENTIFY SPECIES
• SPECIAL STAINS OR ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
• MOTILITY MEDIUM
• HANGING DROP SLIDE
CHEMOTAXIS
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RESPOND TO CHEMICAL SIGNALS
POSITIVE TOWARD
NEGATIVE AWAY
DETECTION OF CHEMICALS IS
LINKED TO FLAGELLA
• CELL IS DRIVEN CLOCKWISE IN
RUNS AND TUMBLES
CHEMOTAXIS
INTERNAL FLAGELLA
• SPIROCHETES
• AXIAL FILAMENTS
• MODIFIED
FLAGELLUM
• ENCLOSED IN
PERIPLASMIC SPACE
• ENDOFLAGELLUM
• GIVE TWISTING OR
FLEXING MOTION
APPENDAGES FOR
ATTACHMENT AND MATING
FIMBRIAE
• SMALL BRISTLE
FIBERS
• COMPOSITION VARIES
• STICKY
• ALLOW ADHESION OF
PATHOGENS
• ESCHERICIA COLI, &
NEISSERIA
GONORRHEAE
PILI
• SEX PILUS
• ELONGATED, RIGID,
TUBULAR
• PILIN
• GRAM NEGATIVE
BACTERIA
• CONJUGATION
• PRODUCTION IS
CONTROLLED
GENETICALLY
THE CELL ENVELOPE
EVERYTHING OUTSIDE
PROTOPLASM
THE GLYCOCALYX
• PROTECTS CELL FROM SEVERE
ENVIRONMENTS
• DIFFERS GREATLY IN COMPOSITION,
THICKNESS, AND ORGANIZATION
• SLIME LAYER
• CAPSULE
• NOT ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO
SURVIVAL
CAPSULES
• STREPTOCOCCUS
PNEUMONIAE
• HAEMOPHILUS
INFLUENZAE
• BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
• USUALLY MORE
PATHOGENIC
• AVOID PHAGOCYTES
VARIATION IN THE
GLYCOCALYX
• PLAQUE ON TEETH
• COLONIZERS OF
PLASTIC, METAL
CELL WALL
• IMMEDIATELY BELOW
GLYCOCALYX
• DETERMINES SHAPE OF
CELL
• PREVENTS BURSTING
AND COLLAPSE
• MOST HAVE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• PENICILLIN,
CEPHALOSPORIN,
LYSOZYME, ALCOHOL
AND DETERGENTS
TARGET
GRAM STAINING
• DIVIDES INTO TWO
MAJOR GROUPS
• GRAM NEGATIVE
• GRAM POSITIVE
GRAM POSITIVE STAIN
IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENCES
• GRAM NEGATIVE MORE IMPERVIOUS
TO SOME ANTIMICROBIAL
CHEMICALS
• GRAM NEGATIVE HARDER TO KILL
• ALCOHOL IS EXCEPTION
• REQUIRES DIFFERENT TREATMENT
OF GRAM NEGATIVE AND GRAM
POSITIVE DISEASES
CELL MEMBRANE
• BELOW CELL
WALL
• LIPID BILAYER
• PROTEINS
EMBEDDED
• 30-40%
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• 60-70% PROTEINS
MESOSOMES
• MESOSOMES-EXTENSIONS INTO
CYTOPLASM
• PROMINENT IN GRAM +
• INCREASE SURFACE AREA
• MAY BE ARTIFACTS
• MAY HAVE ROLE IN DIVISION AND
WALL SYNTHESIS
MESOSOME FUNCTION
• ENERGY REACTIONS
• NUTRIENT PROCESSING &
SYNTHESIS
• REGULATE TRANSPORT
• SECRETION
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
CHROMATIN BODIES
• SINGLE STRAND
OF DNA
• NUCLEOID REGION
• NO HISTONES
• HAPLOID
PLASMIDS
• NOT ESSENTIAL
• EXTRACHROMOSOMAL
• CAN BE FREE OR INCORPORATED
INTO CHROMOSOME
• CONFER PROTECTIVE TRAITS
• DRUG RESISTANCE
• TOXIN & ENZYME PRODUCTION
RIBOSOMES
• IN CYTOPLASM
• POLYSOMES
• ATTACHED TO
MESOSOMES AND
MEMBRANE
• 60% rRNA & 40%
PROTEIN
RIBOSOMES
• 30s & 50 s
SUBUNITS
• CLASSIFIED BY
SVEDBERG UNITS
INCLUSION BODIES
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VARY IN SIZE, NUMBER & CONTENT
PROTEIN LAYER MEMBRANE
GLYCOGEN
POLYBETAHYDROXYBUTRYRATE
GAS VACUOLES
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
GRANULES
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SULFUR GRANULES
POLYHYDROXYBUTRATE GRANULES
PHOSPHATE GRANULES
METACHROMATIC GRANULES
SULFUR GRANULES
POLYPHOSPHATE
GRANULES
GAS VACUOLES
ENDOSPORES
• BACILLUS,
CLOSTRIDIUM &
SPOROSARCINA
• VEGETATIVE
CELL &
ENDOSPORE
• VALUABLE IN
CLASSIFYING
BACTERIA
ENDOSPORE GERMINATION
• REVITALIZE WHEN FAVORABLE
CONDITIONS REAPPEAR
• BREAK DORMANCY
• NEEDS WATER, SPECIFIC CHEMICAL,
ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS
• OCCURS RAPIDLY
• ENZYMES FROM SPORE DIGEST CORTEX
• REVERTS TO VEGETATIVE CELL
BACTERIAL SHAPES
• ROUND-COCCUS
• ROD--BACILLUS
• SPIRAL-SPIRILLUM
PLEOMORPHISM
• VARIATIONS IN
SHAPE
• INDIVIDUAL
VARIATIONS IN
CELL WALLS
• CAUSED BY
NUTRITIONAL
OR GENETIC
DIFFERENCES
EUKARYOTES CELLS
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• ABOUT 2 BILLION
YEARS AGO
• EVOLVED FROM
PROKARYOTIC
SYMBIONTS
• SINGLE CELLED
• INDEPENDENT
• SOME FORMED
COLONIES AND
FILAMENTS
FORM AND STRUCTURE
CYTOPLASM
• EVERYTHING BETWEEN CELL
MEMBRANE AND NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
• ORGANELLES
• CYTOSOL
NUCLEOPLASM
• MATERIAL IN NUCLEUS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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PARALLEL
FLAT
THIN POUCHES
ROUGH E.R.
SMOOTH E.R.
SMOOTH ER
• RESPONSIBLE FOR
LIPID
METABOLISM
• SITE OF COMPLEX
CARBOHYDRATE
ANABOLISM
• DETOXIFICATION
ROUGH E.R.
• ORIGINATES FROM OUTER
PART OF NUCLEAR
ENVELOPE
• CONTINUOUS LABYRINTH
• MAY REACH CELL
MEMBRANE
• STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES
• MAKES PROTEINS FOR
EXPORT
RIBOSOMES
• FREE
• BOUND
• POLYRIBOSOMES
POLYRIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMAL STRUCTURE
• 60s RIBOSOME
• 40s RIBOSOME
• PRODUCED IN
NUCLEOLUS
80 s RIBOSOME SUBUNIT
40 s RIBOSOME SUBUNIT
GOLGI COMPLEX
• SAC LIKE
• TO ONE SIDE OF
NUCLEUS
• CISTERNAE
• SIMILAR TO E.R.
• MODIFIES,
PACKAGES, SHIPS
LYSOSOMES
• SAC OF HYDROLYTIC
ENZYMES
• INTRACELLULAR
DIGESTION OF FOOD
PARTICLES
• PROTECTION
AGAINST INVADERS
• REMOVAL OF DEBRIS
MICROBODIES
• CONTAIN OXIDATIVE ENZYMES
• PROMOTE MANY METABOLIC
REACTIONS
• PEROXISOMES ONE EXAMPLE
MITOCHONDRIA
• ENERGY SUPPLIER
• VARIOUS SHAPES
• SMOOTH
CONTINUOUS
OUTER
MEMBRANE
• INNER FOLDED
MEMBRANE
• CRISTAE
CRISTAE
• SITE OF ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
MATRIX
• SITE OF ENZYMES
OF TCA CYCLE
INTERMEMBRANOUS SPACE
• SITE OF
PREPRATORY
REACTION
– FORMATION OF
ACETYL CoA FROM
PYRUVATE
• SITE OF BETA
OXIDATION
– CONVERSION OF
FATTY ACIDS TO
ACETYL CoA
OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANE
• PERMEABLE TO
PYRUVATE
• NOT TO NADH
MITOCHONDRIAL GENETICS
• OWN DNA
• OWN RIBOSOMES
(70s)
• POOL OF ENZYMES
• INDEPENDENT
DIVISION
PLASTIDS
CHLOROPLASTS,
LEUKOPLASTS, AND
CHROMOPLASTS
CHLOROPLASTS
• ALGAE
• PLANTS
• CONVERT
SUNLIGHT TO
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
• PRODUCE OXYGEN
• CHLORPHYLL
• CAROTENOIDS
• CHLAMYDOMONAS
• PLANT CELL
LEUKOPLASTS
• STORAGE OF STARCH OR OTHER
MATERIALS
CHROMOPLASTS
• CONTAIN PIGMENTS
CYTOSKELETON
• ANCHORING
ORGANELLES
• PROVIDING
SUPPORT
• PERMITS SHAPE
CHANGES
MICROTUBULES
• LONG HOLLOW
TUBULES
• MAINTAIN SHAPE OF
CELLS WITHOUT
WALLS
• TRANSPORT
SUBSTANCES IN CELL
• SPINDLE FIBERS
• FLAGELLA & CILIA
MICROFILAMENTS
• THIN PROTEIN
STRANDS
• FORM NETWORK
• MOVEMENT OF
CYTPOLASM
• AMEBOID
MOVEMENT
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
CENTRIOLES, CILIA AND
FLAGELLA
CENTRIOLES
• ASSOCIATED WITH
NUCLEAR
DIVISION
• FOUND IN
CENTROSOME
• HOLLOW ROD OF
NINE SETS OF
MICTOTUBULES
CILIA & FLAGELLA
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MOTILITY
PROTOZOA
MANY ALGAE
SOME FUNGAL
PROTISTS
• SOME ANIMAL
CELLS
FLAGELLA
• THICKER
• LONG SHEATHED
CYLINDER
• MICROTUBULES
• 9 +2 ARRANGEMENT
• SLIDE OVER ONE
ANOTHER
• WHIPLIKE MOVEMENT
• REQUIRES ENERGY
• CELL MEMBRANE
COORDINATES
BASAL BODIES
• FOUND AT BASE OF
CILIA AND
FLAGELLA
• SIMILAR
STRUCTURE TO
CENTRIOLE
CILIA
• SHORTER
• MORE NUMEROUS
• CILATES & ANIMAL
CELLS
• MOTILITY,
FEEDING &
FILTERING
• 2, 500 MICRONS
PER SECOND
VESICLES &VACUOLES
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STORAGE
FATS
GLYCOGEN
CONTRACTILE
VACUOLES
CONTROL
OSMOTIC
PRESSURE
NUCLEUS
• LARGEST
ORGANELLE
• SURROUNDED BY
NUCLEAR
ENVELOPE
• PORES
• NULEOPLASM
• CHROMATIN
• NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEOLUS
• DEVELOPS AROUND
THE NUCLEAR
ORGANIZER
• SYNTHESIS OF
RIBOSOMAL RNA
• USUALLY
DISAPPEARS DURING
CELL DIVISION
• MAY BE MORE THAN
ONE IN NUCLEUS
GENETIC MATERIAL
• CHROMATIN
• CHROMATID
• CHROMOSOMES
CHROMATIN
• IRREGULAR NETWORK OF STRANDS
• HISTONE PROTEIN AND UNCOILED
DNA
• TRANSCRIPTION OR DUPLICATION
MAY BE OCCURRING
EUCHROMATIN VS HETEROCHROMATIN
CHROMATIDS
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER
• SPECIFC # OF
CHROMOSOMES
• 2 SETS OF EACH-DIPLOID
• 1 SET OF EACH -HAPLOID
• MITOSIS
• MEIOSIS
IMPORTANCE OF THE
NUCLEUS
• NUCLEUS
GOVERNS CELL
ACTIVITIES
• DOES THROUGH
RIBOSOMES,
ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
GLYCOCALYX
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OUTER MOST BOUNDARY
POLYSACCHARIDES
NETWORK OF FIBERS
SLIME LAYER
CAPSULE
PROTECTION
ADHERANCE
SIGNALRECEPTION
VARY GREATLY
CELL WALL
• RIGID
• STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
• THICK INNER LAYER OF
POLYSACCHARIDE FIBERS
• CHITIN OR CELLULOSE
• THIN OUTER LAYER OF
GLYCANS
• PECTINS, MANNANS,
MINERALS
PLASMODESMATA
COMPONENTS OF THE CELL
WALL
• CHITIN OR CELLULOSE
• PECTINS, MANNANS AND MINERALS
CELLULOSE
• LONG
POLYSACCHARIDE
CHAIN
• ACTS LIKE REBAR
IN CONCRETE
• LIGNIN MAY BE
PRESENT TO HELP
REINFORCE
CHITIN
• POLYSACCHARIDE
• FOUND IN FUNGAL
CELL WALLS
• FOUND IN
EXOSKELETON OF
INSECTS
CHITIN
PROTISTS
• SOME FUNGAL
PROTISTS HAVE A
MIXTURE OF
CHITIN AND
CELLULOSE
• SOME PROTISTS
HAVE A PELLICLE
– CELL WALL LIKE
STRUCTURE
PELLICLE
ANIMALS DO NOT HAVE
CELL WALLS
• TUNICATES DO
HAVE A
CELLULOSE
SKELETON BUT IT
IS NOT A CELL
WALL
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
• TYPICAL BILAYER
• STEROLS
• CONFER
STABILITY
• SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE
• 60 - 80 % OF CELL
VOLUME IS
ORGANELLES
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
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TIGHT JUNCTIONS
DESMOSOMES
HEMIDESMOSOMES
GAP JUNCTIONS
PLASMODESMATA
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
• FUSION OF
OUTERMOST
PORTION OF
MEMBRANE
• BRAIN
• DIGESTIVE TRACT
• TESTES
DESMOSOMES
• MEMBRANE CLOSE
TOGETHER
• PLAQUES IN BOTH
CELLS
HEMIDESMOSOMES
• CELLS CLOSE
TOGETHER
• PLAQUE ONLY IN
ONE CELL
PLASMODESMATA
GAP JUNCTIONS
• SEPARATE CELLS
BUT CLOSE
TOGETHER
• CHANNELS
BETWEEN CELLS
COMPARISON OF
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PLANT, ANIMAL, AND FUNGAL CELLS
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
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CELL WALL
PLASTIDS
VACUOLES
NO CENTRIOLES
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NO CELL WALL
NO PLASTIDS
VESSICLES
CENTRIOLES