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PASS Objectives
Content Standard 1.1
Cells are composed of a variety of
structures such as the nucleus,
cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
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1
All living things
are made of cells
2
Cells are the
basic units of life
3
Cells come only
from other cells
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All bacteria cells are
about the same size
All animal cells are
about the same size
All plant cells are
about the same size
Larger animals must
have MORE cells.
Cell Organelles
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Organelles - 5 min
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Cell Parts - 16 min
Summary of Cell Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
lysosome
plastid
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
storage
recycle
contain pigment
Cell Wall
Surrounds bacteria
and plant cells,
functions for
support and
protection.
Cell Wall
There are large
pores in the cell
wall that allow
substances to
come in contact
with the cell
membrane.
Cell Membrane
A complex
barrier
of lipid (fat)
molecules
separating the
inside of the cell
from its external environment.
Cell Membrane
There are two layers of lipid
molecules - one forming the
inside surface and one forming
the outside surface.
Cell Membrane
Carbohydrate and protein
molecules are part of the
membrane and extend
through it.
Cell Membrane
The membrane
is selectively
permeable,
allowing substances
like water and oxygen to move
freely through it, while keeping
other substances from doing so.
Cell Membrane
Water moves
through the
membrane by the
process of osmosis.
Cell Membrane
During
osmosis,
particles
move easily
from an area of HIGH
concentration to an area of
LOW concentration by
molecular motion only.
Cell Membrane
A cell CAN
push molecules
against this "concentration
gradient", but it requires the
cell to use energy to do so.
Cytoplasm
A thick, aqueous
solution of salts
surrounding the
organelles inside
the cell membrane.
Cytoplasm
Nutrients and
minerals spread
through the cytoplasm
to all parts of the cell by
cytoplasmic streaming...
Cytoplasm
meaning the
cytoplasm is
constantly slowly
moving inside the cell.
Nucleus
The nucleus
directs cell activities.
Nucleus
The nucleus
contains the
DNA of a cell
in the form of chromatin,
long threads of DNA.
Nucleus
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Chromosomes
form ONLY
during cell division.
Ribosome
Sites of protein synthesis
in almost all cells.
Ribosome
These small, spherical
structures are the most
numerous organelles
in most cells.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A system of folded
membrane sacs and tunnels
in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough "ER" is
covered with ribosomes.
Smooth "ER" has few
or no ribosomes.
Mitochondria
Respiration centers
of a cell.
Mitochondria
Large organelles
scattered through
the cell, they are most numerous
in cells that use a LOT of energy
like liver and muscle cells.
Golgi
Apparatus
A stack of membranes that
act to "package" substances
for export from the cell.
Golgi
Apparatus
Once enclosed in a vesicle,
the product is sent through
the cell membrane.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are the cell's
recycling centers.
Lysosome
Enzymes inside
lysosomes break
down molecules into
smaller materials that are
then used to build new
complex molecules.
Vacuole
Vacuoles are
storage areas
within a cell.
Vacuole
Although most
cells have vacuoles,
plant cells have LARGE
vacuoles in which
they store water.
Plastid
Plastids contain
pigments, chemicals
that produce colors.
Plastid
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The cells in your lower
epidermis have melanoplasts,
containing the brown pigment
called melanin...
Plastid
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the more melanoplasts,
the darker your skin.
Plastid
Chloroplasts in plant cells
contain the green pigment
chlorophyll, which makes
photosynthesis possible.
Summary of Organelles
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
cell membrane
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
cell membrane surround the cell
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
cell membrane surround the cell
cytoplasm
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
cell membrane surround the cell
cytoplasm
fluid inside cell
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
cell membrane surround the cell
cytoplasm
fluid inside cell
nucleus
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
support & protect cell
cell membrane surround the cell
cytoplasm
fluid inside cell
nucleus
controls the cell (DNA)
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
ribosome
protein synthesis
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
mitochondria produce energy
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
vacuole
storage
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
lysosome
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
storage
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
storage
lysosome
recycle
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
lysosome
plastid
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
storage
recycle
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
lysosome
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
storage
recycle
plastid
contain pigment
Summary of Organelles
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondria
vacuole
lysosome
plastid
support & protect cell
surround the cell
fluid inside cell
controls the cell (DNA)
protein synthesis
produce energy
storage
recycle
contain pigment
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End - Cell Organelles
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Cell Cycle - 16 min
The
Cycle of
Cell
Division
Gap 1 - The formation of
two daughter cells from a
parent cell in cytokinesis
is an energy-consuming
process.
Gap 1 - The time needed by
the cells to replenish their
energy causes this "gap".
G1 - The longest phase
of the cell cycle.
G1 - It is during this phase
that specialized cells in
higher organisms perform
their major function.
S - Synthesis means
"to make".
S-
the cell's original DNA
is duplicated in the
process of replication.
Gap 2 - The replication of DNA
is another energy-consuming
process for the cell.
G2 - The time taken by a cell
to build up its energy reserves
produces this second gap.
M - Mitosis is the process
by which DNA is divided
into two identical sets
before the cell divides.
Mitosis has four major phases:
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1.
Prophase
Chromatin condenses
into chromosomes.
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2.
Metaphase
Paired chromosomes move
to center of the cell.
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3.
Anaphase
Homologous chromatids
(half of a pair of chromosomes)
move to opposite sides
of the cell.
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4.
Telophase
Chromosomes disappear and
a nuclear membrane forms
around the chromatin...
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4.
Telophase
Daughter cells form
by cytokinesis.
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Cytokinesis is the division of
the cytoplasm of a parent cell.
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In animal cells, the cell pinches
together, roughly in the center.
In plant cells, a new cell wall
begins to form between the
two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis marks the
end of the M phase.
The cycle starts over.
Cells will
be found in
all phases
of the cell
cycle in
any fast growing tissue.
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Most human body
cells can only divide
about 50 times before
wearing out.
Meiosis is like Mitosis,
only different...
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Meiosis - 3 min
Mitosis
Meiosis
1 DNA duplication,
1 cell division
1 DNA duplication, 2 cell divisions
Normal human
body cells,
somatic cells, have
46 chromosomes,
in 23 pairs.
A cell with a
full set of
chromosomes is
said to have a
2n number of
chromosomes.
Human sex cells, gametes,
have 23 unpaired
chromosomes.
Gametes are said to have
an n number of
chromosomes.
Fertilization - the joining
of gametes.
Fertilization restores the
"2n" chromosome number.
This process defines
sexual reproduction.
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If the nucleus of
a cell were the
size of a penny,
the cell would
be the size of
a football field.
Comparison of Cell Size