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MITOSIS REVIEW Chapter 10 Test ESSAY #1 • How is cancer related to the cell cycle? • Do not have a normally functioning cell cycle How are cancer cells different from most cells? • Divide excessively and can invade other tissue Tumor • Abnormal mass of cells • Skin Lung Benign Vs. Malignant • Benign-mass of normal cells • Malignantcancerous and can spread to other cells Metastasis • Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site • Cancer cells metastasis • animation Metastasis of prostate tumor cells • Into bone cells Carcinogens • Any substance involved in the promotion of cancer: • gamma rays, X-rays, UV rays • Dioxin (pesticide) • Tobacco smoke • Asbestos • HPV virus ESSAY #2 • STEM CELLS • Cells that can turn into almost any kind of cell (not yet differentiated). • Formed a few days after an egg and sperm join. • From embryos • Adult stem cells • Cord Blood Stem Cell Animations • "How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made" Biology Animation Library :: Dolan DNA Learning Center • Stem Cell Animation Essay #2 (cont.) SOURCES • • • • Umbilical cord blood Fetal tissue Adult bone marrow Embryonic stem cells Essay #2 (cont.) PROS • treat disorders like spinal damage, Parkinson’s disease, leukemia • Make heart and nerve tissue in the lab Essay #2 CONS • Use embryos (kill them) Click on Creating Stem Cells • Don’t have a lot of success yet • Who funds it (private v. government) 1. Sexual and Asexual • ASEXUAL • One parent • Two Identical offspring • SEXUAL • Two parents • 4 different offspring 2. Chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids (all DNA + protein) • Interphase – loose chromatin • Prophase –tightly coiled sister chromatids form through metaphase • Anaphase + Telophase –sister chromatids separate to single chromosomes 3. Nucleosomes and Histones • 8 histone proteins are wrapped with chromosomes to tightly coil into chromatids • Histones + chromosomes = nucleosome • DNA packaging, 3D animation with advanced narration and labels :: Dolan DNA Learning Center 4. Asexual Reproduction • Prokaryotes • (no nucleus) • Binary fission • Eukaryotes • (nucleus) • mitosis 5. Phases of Mitosis • PMAT • • • • Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 6. Nuclear Envelope Changes • Prophase = nuclear envelope dissolves • Telophase = nuclear envelope reforms How could you tell them apart? 7. Diff • Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm • Mitosis = Division of nucleus 8. Cytokinesis • Animal Cells • Cleavage furrow • Plant Cells • Cell Plate 9. G1+ S + G2 = Interphase • G1 = organelle growth (mitochondrion, chloroplasts), and growth of cell • S = DNA synthesis (replication) • G2 = centriole and spindle growth, and growth of cell 10. Locate on a dividing cell: • • • • • Chromatids Centrioles Centromeres Spindle fibers Asters 10. Locate on a dividing cell: • Chromatids Spindle fibers • Centromeres Asters • Centrioles centrioles chromatids • Asters • Spindle fibers centromeres 11. What makes chromatids move to poles? • Contraction of spindle fibers • spindle contraction videos 12. What are cyclins (and Cdk’s)? • Protein regulators of the cell cycle 13. Cells Dividing • A lot • Blood • Skin • Digestive tract • Not after formed • Nerve • Muscle 13. B Cancer Cells • Cancer cells due to an abnormal cell cycle • Cells grow abnormally and do not stop, even if there are too many Breast cancer cells What phase? • • • • • • Chromatin thickens? Prophase Nuclear envelope disappears Prophase Nuclear envelope reappears telophase What phase? • • • • • • Centrioles move to opposite poles Prophase Spindle fibers form Prophase Cell plate forms Cytokinesis/Telophase Which phase? • • • • • • • • Chromosomes line up at the equator metaphase Cytoplasm divides Cytokinesis/Telophase Nucleoli break down Prophase Nucleoli reform Telophase 15. As the cell increases in size • The surface area to volume ratio • decreases 16. Why do cells divide? • cell membrane could not keep up with bringing in enough oxygen/nutrients • DNA can’t keep up 17. How many chromosomes • Are in each human body cell? • 46 18. How many times is the reduction • In length of the chromatid than it is in the chromosome form? • 10,000 times 19. A cell spends what % of time in interphase? • 90% 20. What is the purpose of p53? • It is the tumor suppressor gene. p53 animation + Rediscovering Biology - Animation Archive • It checks that the DNA is OK. If not, it repairs it or kills the cell. • IF it is faulty, it leads to a lot of cancer. 21. How does a cell respond to growth • When it comes in contact with other cells? • Stops growing