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Princeton Review
AP World History
May 17, 2007
The Ancient Stuff
Around 8000 BCE to
Around
600 CE
The Big Picture
1.
2.
3.
What are civilizations all about?
How does change occur within a
society?
How are people impacted by,
and how do they impact,
geography and climate?
Nomads
 Why
was the development of more
stable civilizations so significant?
Language
Fire
Simple stone tools
 Foraging Societies – hunter-gatherer
 Pastoral Societies – domestication of
animals
Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural
Revolution)
 Nomads
start staying in the same
place
 Becomes “their” home
 Food surplus – specialized labor
 Beginnings of “civilization”
 Dramatically impacted environment
Technology
Use
of animals
Wheels, sails, baskets
Use of Metals (Bronze
Age) – later part of
Neolithic Revolution
Civilizations
Rivers
– fertile soil
Social, Political and Economic
developments
City States – loosely connected
Mesopotamia, Egypt, India,
China and the Americas
Mesopotamia – “Land between
Rivers” (Tigris/Euphrates)
Sumer,
Babylon, Persia
Unpredictable flooding
Sumer
 Developed
cuneiform – form of
writing; spread through trade routes to
other regions
 Wheel, 12 month calendar, math
system based on sixty, geometry
 Polytheistic – Ziggurats (temples for
their gods)
 When disaster struck, the gods were
unhappy
Sumer
Babylon
declined; Akkad rose to
dominate region – wrote first
known code of laws in
cuneiform.
Babylon overtook Akkad
King Hammurabi – Code of
Hammurabi
Babylon
fell to Kassites and then
Hittites – used iron weapons
Assyria – capital Ninevah; learned
use of iron weapons from Hittites;
cruel; sent large groups of people
into exile (cultural diffusion)
Medes and Chaldeans defeat
Assyria; King Nebuchadnezzar
rebuilds Babylon
Persia Empire
 Built
road system – Great Royal Road
 Within the Persian Empire:
Lydians – coined money
Phoenicians – established naval citystates; developed simple 22 letter
alphabet (led to our system of letters)
Hebrews – Judaism; monotheistic;
believed they were God’s chosen
people
Ancient Egypt
Nile
River
Predictable flooding – followed
stable agricultural process
Old Kingdom, Middle
Kingdom, New Kingdom –
height of power
Pharaohs,
hieroglyphics,
astronomy, calendar
Trade – need a lot of supplies
for huge building projects –
brought them into contact with
other civilizations
Polytheistic – belief in afterlife
(pyramids)
 Queen
Hatshepsut – first known
female ruler
 High status of women – more rights
and opportunities than Mesopotamia
Pharaohs
women
Priests
Nobles
Merchants/Artisans
Peasants
Slaves
Egypt
Decline:
Assyria invaded
Persia conquered
Later Greeks occupied
Egypt
Became part of Roman
Empire
Indus Valley Civilization
Mountains
limited contact with
other civilizations (Khyber Pass)
Harappa and Mohenjo-Darro –
carefully planned cities – strong
central government
Polytheistic
Cities
were abandoned (don’t
know why)
Aryans arrived to the area
Belief system (reincarnation)
Social structure (caste system)
Would be basis of Hinduism
Shang
China
Isolated
Bronze,
horse drawn chariots
Spoked wheel
Production of pottery and silk
Extended family – belief in dead
ancestor spirits
Zhou
– longest lasting dynasty
(900 yrs)
Mandate of Heaven
Feudal System – king granted
land to nobles; eventually
nobles became too powerful
and built own kingdoms
Decline: fighting feudal
kingdoms
Mesoamerica and Andean South
America
 Developed independently from the other
civilizations
 Did not develop along rivers
 Olmec (Mexico)
Corn, beans squash
Irrigation, large scale buildings,
polytheistic, writing, calendar
Chavin
(Andes, S. America)
Access to coast;
supplemented diet with
seafood
Polytheistic, use of metal
tools, used llamas
 Bantu
West Africa
Migrations – the Bantu family
of languages migrated South and East
 Migrated due to climatic changes
 Jenne-Jeno – first city in Sub-Sahara
Fishing settlement
A collection of individual
communities
Classical Civilizations
 Mauryan
India
Empire
 Chandragupta Maurya – unified the Aryan
kingdoms
 Ashoka Maurya – his grandson; take it to
its height
 Trade; powerful military
 Ashoka converted to Buddhism
 Rock and Pillar Edicts – live generous and
righteous lives
 Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism enabled
it to spread throughout SE Asia

Gupta Empire
 Mauryan Empire declined; Chandra Gupta
revived it.
 Decentralized; smaller empire
 Mathematics: Pie and zero, Arabic numerals
 Iron weapons
 Hinduism once again dominant religion
Reinforced caste system
Women lost rights
Child marriages
China
 Qin
Dynasty
Lasted less than a decade
Qin Shihuangdi – legalism
Recentralized feudal kingdoms;
standardized laws; strict on
dissent
Built Great Wall of China
 Han
Dynasty
Trade thrived along silk road;
carried culture
Buddhism spread
Civil service system – exam for
highly educated government
workers
Invented paper, sundials and
calendars; broadened use of metals
Greece
 Trade
thrived due to limited land
resources
 Collection of polis (city-states)
 Athens – political, commercial and
cultural center
Government changed from
monarchy to aristocracy (Draco
and Solon)
 Sparta
– militaristic and agricultural
 Society:
Citizens – adult males
Free people – no rights
Slaves – 1/3 of population –
relied heavily on slaves
All citizens (adult males) were
expected to participate in in civic
decisions – lead to first democracy
Polytheistic
– mythology
Persian Wars – united Greece to
fight mutual enemy
Pericles
Golden Age
Rebuilt Athens
Delian League – alliance of
Greek city-states
 Philosophy
– Socrates, Plato
Aristotle
 Comedies and tragedies
 Homer – wrote The Iliad and The
Odyssey
 Ancient Greek accomplishments
would be inspiration for European
Renaissance and Enlightenment
2000 years later
Decline
of Athens
Peloponnesian War:
Athens vs. Sparta; Sparta
Wins
Macedonians – Philip
conquered Greece, but
allowed culture to flourish
 Alexander
the Great
Defeats Persian Empire
Spreads Greek culture –
Hellenism
3 Empires: Antigonid (Greece
and Macedon), Ptlomaic
(Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and
Anatolia)
Focused on Ptlomaic –
Alexandria; Hellenistic cultural
Rome
 Polytheistic
(Greek Origin)
 Social Structure
Patricians/Plebeians
Twelve
Tables of Rome
(innocent until proven guilty)
 Pater
familias – eldest male
 Slaves
Roman Military
Carthage – city-state in N.
Africa became enemies
Punic Wars – with Carthage
Hannibal
Rome became undisputed
power in Mediterranean
Collapse of Republic
st
1 Triumvirate: Pompey,
Crassus, Julius Caesar
Civil War between Caesar
and the Senate; Caesar
become emperor
nd
2
triumvirate: Octavius,
Marc Antony, Lepidus
Octavius=Augustus
Caesar; end of republic
Pax Romana
Literature
Architecture
(Pantheon,
Coliseum, Forum)
Science
Ptolemy (Astronomy)
Roads
and aqueducts
Paganism
– made sacrifices to
gods
Christianity
Grew
out of Judaism
Persecution
Constantine ended persecution
Edict of Milan – Christianity
became official religion
Han
Empires Collapse
China
Would end up being divided
into several regional kingdoms
for 400 yrs
Gupta
India
Invaded
by Huns (culture
survived)
Roman
Empire
Internal
decay, bad leaders, size of
empire
Diocletian splits empire into 2.
Constantine established new
capital in the East (Byzantine)
Rome fell to Germanic invasions
East would survive (Byzantine
Empire)
Belief Systems
 Polytheism
 Confucianism
 Daoism
 Legalism
 Hinduism
 Buddhism
 Judaism
 Christianity
Go Back to the Big Picture
1.
Civilizations
2. Sources of Change
3. Humans vs. Nature