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Benchmark Study Guide Submitted by C. Stephen Ingraham 2013 Environment Benchmark Civilization:Mesopotamia River(s):Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Continent:Asia Landform(s):River Valley Physical Features: Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, Syrian Desert, Taurus & Zagros Mountains Climate: Semi- Arid & Arid Civilization:Egypt River(s):Nile Continent:Africa Landform(s):River Valley Physical Features: Nile Delta, Mediterranean Sea Red Sea, Sahara Desert, Nubian Desert, Eastern Desert, & Libyan Desert. Climate: Arid Environment Benchmark Civilization: China River(s): Huang He & Chang Jiang Rivers Continent: Asia Landform(s):River Valley Physical Features: Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, Climate: Highland, Arid,Semi-Arid, Humid Subtropical, Humid Continental, and Tropical wet & dry Civilization: India River(s): Indus & Ganges Rivers Continent: Asia Landform(s):River Valley Physical Features: Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, And Island of Sri Lanka Climate: Tropical Wet, Semi-Arid, Tropical Wet & Dry, Humid Subtropical, and Arid Economy Benchmark Civilization:Mesopotamia Economic System(s): Barter Surplus items: wheat, barley, & copper tools Trading needs:wood, salt, precious stones, and raw copper Trading Partners: Egypt Civilization:Egypt Economic System(s): Barter Surplus items: wheat, barley, sheep, goats, & cotton Trading needs: cedar & pine timber, animal tusks, & hardwoods (Ebony) Trading Partners: Mesopotamia & Nubia Economy Benchmark Civilization:China Economic System(s): Barter and Money Economy Surplus items:Silk, apricots, iron, & bronze goods Trading needs: Gold, Ivory, Wool, linen, grapevines, & horses Trading Partners: India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, & Rome Civilization: India Economic System(s): Barter & Money Economy Surplus items: spices, cloth,carpets, jewelry. Trading needs:Arabian horses, dried fruits, precious stones, silk, corals, perfumes, and velvets Trading Partners: Mesopotamia, Egypt, & China Religion Benchmark Civilization:Mesopotamia Type(s): Polytheism & Monotheism Name of Religion: Polytheistic -Unknown Monotheistic -Judaism,Christianity, Islam Name of gods and attributed powers: Enlil -god of winds, storms & rain Ea -god of water & wisdom Shamash -sun god Yahweh -Jewish God Jesus-Christian god Allah - Muslim god Special Religious leaders: Abraham, Jesus & Muhammad Special beliefs: gods of nature Civilization:Egypt Type(s): Polytheism & Montheism Name of Religion: Unknown Name of gods and attributed powers: Amon-Ra the sun god, Osiris taught farming. Horus, falcon god , Isis -wife of Horus. Aton -the one all powerful god Special Religious leaders: There was an Afterlife (Ra was born & died each day) Special beliefs: Pharaoh was son of the sun god Civilization:China Type(s):Polytheistic Name of Religion:Ancestor worship Name of gods and attributed powers: Ao Ch'in Dragon God responsible for the Southern Ocean Ao Kuang Dragon God responsible for the Eastern Ocean Ao Jun Dragon God responsible for the Western Ocean Ao Shun Dragon God responsible for the Northern Ocean Ch'ang-o (aka Heng-o) Goddess of the Moon and wife of Shen I. Shen I “The Archer” God of the Sun & Ch’ango-o Husban Chih-Nii (aka Chih Nu) Goddess of crafts & clouds. Rules Over: Handcrafts, rain. Special Religious leaders: Oracle Special beliefs: relatives were guides & Oracle bones Religion Benchmark Civilization:India Type(s):Polytheistic Name of Religion:Hinduism & Buddhism Name of gods and attributed powers: Brahma -the Creator Vishnu -the Preserver Shiva- the Destroyer Special Religious leaders: Siddhartha Gautama - Buddha Special beliefs: reincarnation (Caste System) Government Benchmark Civilization: Mesopotamia Type(s): Monarchy Title of leader: King Names of specific leader & contributions Who first united this civilization?:King Sargon Other Leaders: King Hammurabi - Taxation & Laws (Code of Hammurabi) Political Philosopher(s) and/or Philosophy: Other interesting Feature(s) or “How one assumes the authority of a leader?: Leaders we believed to be god-like (Strong & War-like) Civilization:Egypt Type(s):Monarchy Title of leader: Pharaoh Names of specific leader & contributions Who first united this civilization?: King Narmer Other Leaders: Pharaoh Zoser had 1st pyramid built Queen Hatshepsut becomes pharaoh Pharaoh Amenhotep IV ( Akhenaton) worships the one god Aton. Pharaoh Tutankhamen (King Tut) returns polytheism. Political Philosopher(s) and/or Philosophy: Other interesting Feature(s) or “How one assumes the authority of a leader?: Being born in the ruling dynasty Government Benchmark Civilization:China Type(s):Monarchy Title of leader:Emperor Names of specific leader & contributions Who first united this civilization?:Qin Shi Huangdi Other Leaders: Liu Bang (peasant) Han Gau Zu Legalism & Confucianism Wu Di Civil Service Political Philosopher(s) and/or Philosophy:Legalism (cruel treatment), Confucianism (Good example) & Daoism (accept life as it is) Other interesting Feature(s) or “How one assumes the authority of a leader?: Mandate of heaven Civilization:India Type(s): Monarchy Title of leader: (Rajahs) & Emperor Names of specific leader & contributions Who first united this civilization?:Chandragupta Maurya (Legalism) Other Leaders: Asoka Maurya turning point-became Buddhist Chandragupta I (Guptas) Golden Age Political Philosopher(s) and/or Philosophy: Arthashastra (legalism) & Buddhism Other interesting Feature(s) or “How one assumes the authority of a leader?: Being a Good Military Leader & Born in the right Caste (Society is like the body) Technology Benchmark Material Written on: Clay Tablets Civilization:Mesopotamia Name of Writing System:Cuneiform Description of Writing System: Trianglar shapes over 1,000 symbols Description of Writing tool(s):reed stylus Inventions and their significance: wheel-movement, dikes & canal-irrigation, cargo boats with sails -trade Other Advances: Iqu (acre) & quart -measurement Material Written on: Papyrus Civilization:Egypt Name of Writing System: Hieroglyphics Description of Writing System: 700 picture symbols Description of Writing tool(s): reed dipped in soot Inventions and their significance: Retention basins -irrigation, 365 day calendar, mummification -preservation Stone pyramids -tombs Other Advances: Technology Benchmark Civilization:China Material Written on: paper Name of Writing System: Pictographs Description of Writing System:5,000 symbols Description of Writing tool(s): small brush Inventions and their significance: wheel barrow (heavy loads), Seismograph (earthquakes), Paper & Printing (communication), Crossbow & Gun powder (warfare), & fireworks (communication). Other Advances: compass, ship’s rudder Material Written on: paper Civilization: India Name of Writing System:Sanskrit Description of Writing System: (54) 108 flowing characters Description of Writing tool(s):stylus Inventions and their significance: Arabic numerals (base 10 mathematics), Inoculation, set broken bones, skin grafting & sterilization (medicine), Other Advances: Panchatantra (folktales)
