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Star Life Cycles I. Dark Nebulas: Cold Clouds of gas and dust located in arms of galaxies. a. Gravity pulls gas and dust together to form protostar (no fusion). Young Protostars in Dark Nebula II. MAIN SEQUENCE STARS: Stars that are in the first part of their life cycle, fusing hydrogen to helium. a. Star size is indirectly proportional to life span. b. Star size affects temperature and color Size Color Surface Temperature Life Span (yrs) Small Red 3,000 K Trillions Average (sun) Yellow 10,000 K Billions Massive Blue 40,000 K Millions Sulaphat and its two companion stars (oval shape), 600 light years away! MASSIVE BLUE GIANT STARS in constellation LYRA III.RED GIANTS: When a main sequence star uses up all of its hydrogen fuel and starts expanding under helium carbon fusion or other advanced stages of fusion. RED GIANTS Red Giants in old star cluster M80 orbiting Milky Way IV.Star Death – when fusion stops at the core and gravity collapses the star. M.Sequene Star Type Giant Giant Phase Fusion Event End Red Dwarf Red Giant He - C Outer layers expand out White Dwarf Yellow Red Giant He - C Outer layers expand out White Dwarf Blue Super Giants Heavier elements Super Nova Neutron star Black hole V. WHITE DWARFS - When a red giant runs out of helium to carbon fusion, the outer layers expand and leave a white hot core. Death of a low to medium mass star. This is not a supernova event. Zoom Views of M4 White Dwarfs VI. SUPERNOVA – Explosion of a large super giant by caused by gravity’s crushing force. VII. Compact Cores – gravity begins to change and destroy matter. VIII. Evidence for Black Holes • Super fast orbiting stars & gas • Radiation from poles of quasars • Mathematics of Enormous Mass = Gravity Chandra X-Ray Super fast orbiting stars at the center of our galaxy orbiting something invisible. Galaxy M83, BLACK HOLE AT CENTER http://chandra.harvard.edu/phot o/chronological.html http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/22/