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Driving Downsizing with groups of galaxies Michael Balogh Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo or: the faint red galaxy problem Collaborators David Gilbank, Sean McGee, Robbie Henderson (Waterloo) Dave Wilman, Daniel Pierini (MPE, Garching) Richard Bower, Simon Morris (Durham) John Mulchaey, Gus Oemler (Carnegie) Outline I. Review: Galaxy formation models II. Evolution of faint red galaxies III. Galaxy groups at z=0.4 IV. Revisiting starvation • We observe starlight – which results from the condensation of baryonic matter Matter and Energy • Baryons make up less than 5% of the matter and energy in the Universe Spergel et. al 2003, 2006 3 Mpc/h dalla Vechia, Jenkins & Frenk The halo model Hot baryons ~106 K for galaxies, hence invisible Radiative cooling Dark matter The cooling catastrophe Cooling occurs primarily through bremsstrahlung radiation, so tcool T1/2r-1 The typical density of haloes is higher at early times: r (1+z)3 Thus, gas cools very efficiently in small haloes at high redshift. •White & Frenk (1991) •Balogh et al. (2001) The inefficiency of star formation Wstars= 0.0014 ± 0.00013 Wstars/ Wbaryon =0.03 (Balogh et al. 2001; Cole et al. 2002) >95% of baryons are dark Cosmic Star Formation Schiminovich et al. 2005 • Global decline in star formation rate ( Lilly et al. 96, Madau et al. 98) • By z~0, 50% of galaxies are in groups (Eke et al, 2004) • Can structure growth be responsible for the decline in global star formation? Galaxy Luminosity Function Number density of galaxies Theory Benson et al. 2003 Data Wstars/ Wbaryon =0.03 (Balogh et al. 2001; Cole et al. 2002) Luminosity Stellar mass • Blue galaxies are absent above ~3x1010 MSun • Star formation today occurs in low-mass galaxies Baldry et al. (2004) Models (pre-2005) Black holes • Some cooling clusters show depressions in X-ray emission, often filled with radio emission. • Attributed to outflows from massive black hole accretion • Most energetic can provide up to 6x1054 J Gas Accretion • Halo mass scale constant with time, ~2x1011 MSun. • Separates “hot” and “cold” accretion (e.g. White & Frenk 1991) • AGN feedback helps eliminate bright blue galaxies (Springel et al. 2005; Croton et al. 2006; Bower et al. 2006) Dekel & Birnboim 2006 Galaxy Clusters • A standard picture to motivate environmental effects: Clusters are dominated by bright, red ellipticals Low-mass galaxies • Galaxies with M~109 MSun are well below the “threshold” mass. • But the fraction of red galaxies STILL depends strongly on environment. Baldry et al. (2006) Strangulation/Starvation Kenney et al. 2003 Vollmer et al. 2004 • Gas around satellite galaxies may be shock-heated, tidally- or rampressure stripped • Stripping the cold, dense gas in the disk requires high velocities and ICM densities • The hot halo can perhaps be stripped more easily (Larson, Tinsley & Caldwell 1980) Kawata & Mulchaey 2007 Environment: models • Standard assumption is that satellite galaxies instantly lose their entire hot halo. SFR then declines on a typical timescale (Balogh, Navarro & Morris 2000): M* t 2.2 10 10 M Sun 0.3 Gyr • Low stellar-mass, red galaxies are predicted to be in groups Part II: Evolution of faint red galaxies Satellite galaxies at z=0 • Most faint, satellite galaxies are blue • Models too efficient at shutting off gas supply? Model predictions Weinmann et al. 2006 Too rapid? Too complete? Or should this mechanism only apply to massive haloes? Red Galaxy luminosity function • Faint red galaxies have appeared recently in clusters • Dwarfs: -18.2>Mv>-20 • Giants Mv<-20 De Lucia et al. (2007) Red Dwarfs/Giants • Faint red galaxies have built up in clusters since z~1 Cluster data from: Gilbank et al. (2007) Stott et al. (2007) Hansen et al. (2007) Barkhouse et al. (2007) Andreon (2007) Tanaka et al. (2005) De Lucia et al. (2004) Gilbank & Balogh (2008) Redshift Red Dwarfs/Giants • Faint red galaxies are less common in the field – but also increasing with time (more rapidly?) Field data from: Bell et al. (2003, 2004) Driver et al. (2006) Scarlata et al. (2007) Brown et al. (2007) Zucca et al. (2006) Baldry et al. (2004) Gilbank & Balogh (2008) Redshift • Models predict a large fraction of faint, red galaxies at all redshifts, even in the field • Due to the red satellite galaxies in small groups Red Dwarfs/Giants Bower et al. (2006) model predictions Gilbank & Balogh (2008) Redshift Red Dwarfs/Giants • The evolution in the field can be explained if faint, red galaxies are produced only in groups with masses greater than 1012.5 MSun. 1013 M Sun 1012.5 M Sun 1012 M Sun Gilbank & Balogh (2008) Redshift • Models are far too efficient at quenching star formation in satellite (group) galaxies Red Dwarfs/Giants Red dwarf/giant ratio Redshift • Galaxy groups at z=0.5 are critical for detailed study of transforming galaxies Part III: Galaxy groups at z=0.4 Groups at z~0.4 • • • • • • • ~200 groups between z~0.1 and z~0.55, selected from the CNOC2 survey (Carlberg et al. 2001) Follow-up at Magellan 26 groups targeted between z =0.3 and z=0.55 Observations of 20 groups for 1 orbit each in F775W filter with HST ACS camera 3 Orbit GALEX data IRAC and MIPS data XMM, Chandra Millennium Simulation All haloes “CNOC2” Groups Z=0.5 McGee et al. 2007 • At all stellar masses, starforming galaxies are found less frequently in groups Fraction with [OII] emission lines Star formation in groups Balogh et al. 2006 Passive galaxies • Spitzer IRAC colours are an excellent tracer of low-levels of activity E/S0 Spirals lrest [mm] [8mm]-[3.6mm] colour Wilman et al. 2007 Star formation in groups • Dusty and/or low-levels of star formation in massive galaxies 10.5 Wilman et al. 2007 11 log10 Mstellar/MSun 11.5 Optically Active fraction Break occurs at ~1011 MSun. Group galaxies still show less activity than field galaxies of the same mass. Infrared Active fraction Balogh et al. 2006 Group morphologies • Only a small difference in galaxy morphology at z=0.4 This evolves strongly to z=0 Suggest morphological transformation may lag behind star formation quenching CNOC2 Fraction of disk galaxies Fraction of disk galaxies McGee et al. 2007 MGC Allen et al. 2006 Passive spirals • Moran et al. (2007) analyse GALEX colours of passive spirals in two rich clusters at z=0.5 • “starved” spirals appear to be found in infalling groups GALEX • Starvation model seems a good fit to the passive spirals in CNOC2 groups Red: passive spirals Black: normal spirals CNOC2 groups Green: passive spirals Blue: normal spirals McGee et al. in prep Summary: z=0.4 groups • There is evidence galaxies are being quenched in groups, but the effect is not dramatic • We are embarking on a full multiwavelength analysis from FUV to MIR to constrain the star formation histories of group members Part IV: Revisiting starvation models Slow strangulation • How quickly do galaxies lose their gas? • Consider analytic and numerical (GADGET2) models of “hot” gas+DM haloes merging with groups or clusters, on cosmologically sensible orbits. McCarthy et al. 2007 Hot stripping in a uniform medium • Instantaneous stripping: a fixed fraction of gas will be removed McCarthy et al. 2007 Hot stripping in a uniform medium • Instantaneous stripping: a fixed fraction of gas will be removed • In reality there is a delay of ~1 Gyr which we model linearly: M t cs Dark matter Gas Analytic prediction McCarthy et al. 2007 Hot stripping in clusters • Onset of stripping is delayed • a=2, =2/3 works well for a variety of orbits, mass ratios. • Takes ~2 Gyr to remove half the gas mass Still plenty of hot fuel left The amount of gas left depends on orbit, mass ratio etc., but the time delay of at least 1-2 Gyr is fairly robust • Through starvation alone, lowmass satellite galaxies could potentially continue star formation for a significant fraction of a Hubble time. McCarthy et al. 2007 Observational evidence • Sun et al. (2007) detect hot coronae around galaxies in clusters Reduced luminosity compared with isolated galaxies, but still significant. Summary • There are environmental influences on galaxy formation after z=1 • Probably dominant in massive groups, not clusters. • Current modeling of environmental effects is wrong and this has consequences for predictions of the general field (which is dominated by groups) Simple strangulation models may still work well, if the instantaneous assumption is dropped. Extra slides Cosmic Time • buildup of mass on the red-sequence occurs with the most massive galaxies first • decrease in the “quenching” stellar mass with redshift Cimatti et al. (2006) Universal relation • Red fraction appears to depend on a simple linear combination of stellar mass and density • Reflects the fact that stellar mass and density are correlated Baldry et al. (astro-ph/0607648 ) Evolution in Groups • SFH of galaxies in groups are similar to the field, and evolve with it Wilman et al. 2005 Groups - morphology • Use Gim2D to measure the fraction of light in the bulge (B/T) • Low-z data from the MGC (Driver et al.) • Models do well here. Merger history OK. SFH needs work. McGee et al. 2007 Black: data Red: models