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Final Review 149-170 Ecology 149-158 Question 149 Which of the following is NOT a possible consequence of global warming? • A. more frequent and intense hurricanes B. rising sea level C. increased incidents of sun burn and skin cancer. D. more frequent and intense droughts • • • • With Warmer temps disease carrying insects migrate north, bringing plague and disease with them. With warmer oceans we will get more frequent and stronger hurricanes. Some areas will see more flooding due to increased rain other areas will suffer serious droughts and heat waves. Africa will receive the worst of it, with more severe droughts also expected in Europe. The water in the oceans will expand in volume (warm things expand), and additional water enters them which had previously been locked up on land in glaciers raising sea level and flooding some of our most populated cities along the coasts. Forest Fires, Crops, water supplies, extinctions, the list goes on. Question 150 What is the colorless, odorless, and tasteless naturally occurring gas produced by the radioactive decay of uranium238? A. Radon B. Formaldehyde C. nitrogen oxide D. Ozone E. CFCs Yellow= minor risk Orange = moderate risk Red = High risk Notice Wake County’s risk level – Radon-222 is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless naturally occurring gas produced by the radioactive decay of uranium-238. – Outdoors, radon gas seeps from the ground into the atmosphere, where it is diluted to harmless levels. – Radon gas can enter through cracks in a foundation and build up to high levels indoors. – Once indoors, radon gas decays into radioactive elements that can be inhaled, causing an increased risk of lung cancer. Question 151 When sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide are released into the air, they can cause A. sulfurous precipitation B. acid precipitation C. nitrogen precipitation. D. acidic air. • Acid precipitation is precipitation with a pH of less than 5.0. • Acid precipitation forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with atmospheric moisture to create sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Question 152 – What is the main problem caused by the ozone hole? much radiation – A.Thetoo ozone layer serves as a protective shield as it absorbs and filters out harmful – escapes Earth UV radiation. too much radiation – B.The Montreal Proetocol, which 186 countries hadEarth signd by 2003, calls for a reaches phase-out in the production and use of C.most tooozone-destroying little radiation chemicals by developed reachescountries Earthby the year 2005 and developing countries by the year 2015. D. too little radiation escapes Earth The ozone layer serves as a protective shield as it absorbs and filters out harmful UV radiation. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were previously used in refrigerators, cleaning agents, and as propellants in aerosol cans, used to contribute to ozone destruction in the upper atmosphere. Question 153 What caused much of the ozone depletion? A. Radon B. Formaldehyde C. nitrogen oxide D. Sulfur oxides E. CFCs • • • Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2 ClO + O ==> Cl + O2 -----------------net result: O3 + O ===> 2O2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were previously used in refrigerators, cleaning agents, and as propellants in aerosol cans, used to contribute to ozone destruction in the upper atmosphere. The chlorine atoms of the CFCs act as a catalyst where they attach and remove an Oxygen atom from the Ozone molecule (remember Ozone is O3) turning it back into regular Oxygen. That Chlorine can continue the process over and over and is not used up in the chemical process so a single CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. Question 154 The number of different species in an area is known as … A. B. C. D. population completion. Biodiversity. carrying capacity • • • • Simply put, biodiversity is life in all its variety: over 14 million species found from mountain top to deep-sea vent. But it is much more. Those species connect, and interact. Those interactions create communities and systems, and those systems provide goods and services such as oxygen production, pollination, water filtration and storage, pest control, food production, carbon storage and erosion control. Again, simply put, biodiversity anchors nature’s life support system. The effect of human activities magnified in recent years by population growth and global climate change - has greatly reduced biodiversity (mostly through habitat destruction) in ecosystems around the world. Question 155 Which of the following is a biotic factor in an ecosystem? A. Number of predators. B. Amount of light received. C. Averate precipitation. D. Average temperature. • Biotic factors ; are living components of an ecosphere. • Abiotic factors; are nonliving components of an ecosphere such as minerals and nutrients, sunlight, temperatures, precipitation, etc…. Question 156 The increase in the size of Earth’s human population in the last century has been dramatic. Which of the following identifies two major contributors to this increase? A. New methods of agriculture and the identification of new food crops B. The industrial revolution and modern medicine C. Increased emigration/immigration and decreased warfare D. New methods of birth control and decreased warfare E. Increased education for women and the development of new pesticides • • • • • The early period of hunters and gatherers less than a few million people The rise of agriculture - first major increase in the human population (still not large yet though) The Industrial Revolution - improvements in the food supply and health care led to a rapid population growth The human population has skyrocketed in recent times. 2000 years ago, the Earth was home to just 300 million humans, roughly the population of the United States today. Two hundred years ago, 1 billion humans lived on our planet Earth. The world population is now right at 7 billion and growing rapidly. If current trends continue, we will add another 1 billion to the world population every 13 or 14 years. This explosive growth came about because death rates fell faster than birth rates. The availability of antibiotics, immunizations, clean water, and increased food production yielded tremendous improvements in infant and child mortality. A rise in average life expectancy has also contributed to the surge in human numbers. Question 157 The current world population is closest to which of the following? A. 1 billion B. 3 billion C. 5 billion D. 7 billion E. 9 billion • The 7 billion (6,973,738,433 ) currently on Earth could probably not all live like Americans, much as they might want to. Question 158 Which of the following correctly orders the methods of solid-waste management in terms of energy required? Least Energy -- Most Energy A. Reuse -Recycle- Reduce B. Recycle - Reuse - Reduce C. Recycle - Reduce - Reuse D. Reduce- Reuse – Recycle E. Reduce – Recycle - Reuse Astronomy Review 159-170 Question 159 What advantage do space telescopes have over telescopes used on Earth? A. They are much cheaper to build B. They are not affected by the Earth’s atmosphere C. They do not need lenses or mirrors to gather light D. They last longer E. They are easier to easier to maintain. – Earth’s atmosphere blocks infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays. So we loss all that information with ground telescopes. – When Earth’s atmosphere does allow certain wavelengths to pass through, the images are blurred. Hubble added clarity to the discovery of the brown dwarf star GL229B. The brown dwarf was about the size of Jupiter, and thanks to Hubble’s Wide Field Planetary Camera-2, astronomers were able to calculate the star’s size and distance from Earth. Question 160 What occurs each year on September 22nd or 23rd? A. The number of hours of daylight and of darkness are equal everywhere on the earth. B. The North Pole tilts directly toward the sun. C. The sun’s vertical rays strike along the Tropic of Cancer. D. The moon is at perihelion in its orbit around the sun. E. Mr. Ogren’s Birthday depending on if he forgot it or not. The autumnal equinox occurs around September 21, halfway between the summer and the winter solstices when the Sun is directly over the equator. This is when the Sun is directly overhead at the equator, both hemispheres receive equal amounts of sunlight. Question 160 continued Question 161 In the northern hemisphere as we go from June 21st to December 21st A. The altitude of the sun increases B. The altitude of the sun decreases C. The zenith of the sun increases D. The zenith of the sun decreases E. The altitude of the sun stays the same during that time period. As a result of the tilt of Earth’s axis and Earth’s motion around the Sun, the Sun is at a higher altitude in the sky during summer than in the winter. Altitude is measured in degrees from the observer’s horizon to the object. There are 90 degrees from the horizon to the point directly overhead, called the zenith of the observer. As Earth moves from position 1, through position 2, to position 3, the altitude of the Sun decreases in the northern hemisphere. Question 162 The Earth makes one complete rotation every _____. a. An hour b. 10 hours c. 24 hours d. 29.5 days e. 365 days Earth's rotation is the rotation of the solid Earth around its own axis. Creates day and night and takes one full day to rotate completely. The Earth rotates in a ______ direction. A. Clockwise B. Counter Clockwise The Earth rotations from East to West Question 163 – When the Moon perfectly blocks the Sun’s disk, we see A solar eclipse occurs According to the diagram only the dim, outer gaseous layers of the Sun in whatwhen is the Moon passes directly called aatotal solar eclipse. below, solar eclipse is between theblocks Sun and Earth – most A partial solar the Moon only likely toeclipse occuris seen when and blocks our view of the a portion of the Sun’s disk. when the moon is in Sun. you must be in the – Notice for a Total eclipse to take place position: Umbra (shadow) of the moon. A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4 Question 164 • A lunar to eclipse happen only atlunar the time of aoccurs full moon, • A eclipse when According the can diagram when the Moon is in the opposite direction from the Sun. the full Moon passes below, a lunar eclipse is Earth’s shadow. •most A total lunartoeclipse the entire Moon is likely occuroccurs whenthrough within Earth’s umbra. when the moon is in position: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Question 165 When the earth is at the farthest point in its orbit from the sun, it is said to be at: A. the elliptical B. Perihelion C. the equinox D. aphelion All planets are in an elliptical orbit that is not at a constant distance from the Sun. Perihelion is when a planet is at the closest point to the Sun in its orbit. Aphelion is when a planet is farthest point from the Sun during its orbit. Question 166 The closer a planet is to the sun a. the slower it travels around the sun b. the faster it travels around the sun c. the smaller the angle of its axis d. the greater the angle of its axis • Kepler’s second law states that a planet moves fastest when close to the Sun and slowest when far from the Sun. Each shaded area below is equal to the same amount of time. Question 167 Today, the most widely accepted model of our solar system is the _____ model. a. Orbit b. Eclipse c. Geocentric d. Heliocentric e. Hubble Ancient astronomers assumed that the Sun, planets, and stars orbited a stationary Earth in what is now known as a geocentric model, meaning “Earth centered.” Some aspects of planetary motion were difficult to explain with a geocentric model. – The normal direction of motion for all planets, as observed from Earth, is toward the east. – Retrograde motion is when a planet occasionally will move toward the west across the sky. In 1543, Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus suggested that the Sun was the center of the solar system. – In a Sun-centered, or heliocentric, model, the inner planets move faster in their orbits than the outer planets do. – As Earth bypasses a slower-moving outer planet, it appears that the outer planet temporarily moves backward in the sky. Question 168 If a Star’s spectral lines are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, then the star is doing what in comparison to Earth? A. moving towards Earth B. moving away from Earth C. moving at the same rate as Earth D. Getting Warmer E. none of the above What is this change in wavelength called? Doppler Effect Spectral lines (light coming from stars) are shifted in wavelength by motion between the source of light and the observer due to the Doppler effect. • If a star is moving toward the observer, the spectral lines are shifted toward shorter wavelengths, or blueshifted. • If the star is moving away, the wavelengths become longer, or redshifted. Question 169 What information does a star’s spectrum offer about the star? A. Size B. Chemical composition C. Age D. Magnitude E. None of the above A spectrum is just a fancy term for the different colors of light that are coming from a star. If you've ever shined light through a prism and seen the rainbow of colors that comes out the other end, that’s a spectrum. The light that comes to us from stars is very similar - although it looks to our eyes like it is just one color, it is actually made up of many different colors. The spectra that we see coming from stars often contain what look like dark lines at particular colors, which means there is much less light coming from the star at that color than at the nearby colors. This usually means that the star's atmosphere contains certain types of molecules which absorb light of that color, so we don't see as much of it coming from the star. Astronomers can use the information from these "spectral lines" to figure out what chemical composition that star is made of. Question 170 Another name for the interstellar matter that will eventually form a star is ____. a. Supernova b. black hole c. red giant d. Nebula e. Planentismal • A nebula (pl. nebulae) is a cloud of interstellar gas and dust. – Star formation begins when the nebula collapses on itself as a result of its own gravity. – As the cloud contracts, its rotation forces it into a disk shape. – A protostar is a hot condensed object that forms at the center of the disk that will become a new star.