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Scott Jorgenson ASTR 103H Constellations Greek Astronomers Coordinate Systems The Moon The Sun Pot Pourri Constellations Greek Astronomers Coordinate Systems The Moon The Sun Pot Pourri 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 5/22/2017 8 Double Jeopardy! More Astronomers Stellar Evolution Milky Way Cosmology Solar System Compact Objects More Astronomers Stellar Evolution Milky Way Cosmology Solar System Compact Objects 200 200 200 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 800 800 800 800 800 800 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 5/22/2017 16 Final Jeopardy! Star Names Most bright stars have names of this origin (i.e. Betelgeuse) Arabic Daily Double! Daily Double! Daily Double! These civilizations gave us the 48 constellations of the Northern Hemisphere that we know today. Each and every star is located in this many constellations. The constellations of the Northern Hemisphere get their names from these. The constellations of the Southern Hemisphere were added in this century. There are this many official constellations in the night sky. This Greek astronomer was called the ultimate authority on nature by St. Thomas Aquinas. This astronomer came up with a method that allowed people to predict the positions of planets by using epicycles. He was the first person to measure the circumference of the Earth. This astronomer attempted to measure the relative distances from the Earth to the Moon and from the Earth to the Sun. This Greek astronomer gave us the magnitude system, with magnitude 1 stars being the brightest objects in the sky and magnitude 6 being the faintest. This is the name for a star’s highest point in the sky. This coordinate is used for specifying the east-west position of an object on the Celestial Sphere and is measured in hours. This coordinate tells you an object’s north-south location on the Celestial Sphere and is measured from 90 degrees at the South Pole to +90 degrees at the North Pole. This is the location on the Celestial Sphere that the Sun appears to pass through and extends from -23.5 degrees to +23.5 degrees This coordinate gives an object’s east-west location on the Celestial Sphere and ranges from 0-360 degrees (with 0 degrees being the north point and increasing clockwise) The Moon is doing this when it is becoming more and more illuminated until it becomes a Full Moon. This type of an eclipse can occur when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun This is the region where a total shadow is present and a total eclipse occurs. The Moon is about this many Earth diameters away from the Earth. This period of the Moon has a length of 29.5 days. This is the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Stellar fusion occurs in this part of the Sun. The Sun is this type of star. This is the name of the visible surface of the Sun. This is the name of the process by which four hydrogen atoms combine to form one helium atom. This type of magnitude measures an objects actual brightness This technique is used to measure the radial component of velocity by measuring the values of spectral lines (can be red-shifted or blue-shifted). Of the four fundamental forces, this one is the weakest. These devices are used in telescopes and replaced the use of photographs to capture images of stellar objects. Transitions where visible light photons are emitted when an electron jumps down from a higher level to the second level are known as these. His De revolutionibus orbium coelestium began the “99 Years of Astronomy” with its publication in 1543 and put forth the idea of a heliocentric solar system. He was known not only for his gold nose, but also for his incredibly accurate measurements recorded over a 30 year period before the use of telescopes. His Three Laws of Planetary Motion deal with the elliptical orbits of the planets. He was deemed a heretic by the Catholic Church for his support of the heliocentric model of the solar system. He is considered by many to have been the greatest scientist ever, and his Three Laws of Motion are still considered to be correct to this day. Stars of this classification (0.08-0.4 solar masses) are fully convective and thought to be the most common type of star in the universe. With masses below 0.08 solar masses, this type of star will never reach the Main Sequence. This spectral type corresponds to the hottest and brightest stars. This type of explosion occurs when a star collapses upon its iron core and the star’s nucleus self-destructs. This law states that “whenever a new energy source is found in the core, the star will move back towards the main sequence”. The Milky Way is this type of galaxy. There are about this many stars in the Milky Way. Our solar system is this far away from the Sun (in kpc). He was able to use the distribution of globular clusters to determine the location of the center of the Milky Way. These types of stars have low metal contents and are mainly found in the halo of the Milky Way. The universe is about this old. The universe is made up of about this much matter, dark and known (percent). This is the idea that on large scales the universe looks the same no matter which direction you look. This is the idea that on large scales objects in the universe are pretty much the same everywhere and that there are no unique vantage points in the universe. This is the farthest thing that can be seen in the universe. These planets are characterized by having high densities, small diameters, no rings, and few moons. These planets are characterized by having high masses, large diameters, rings, and many moons. This is the large region surrounding our solar system where the vast majority of comets come from. This band of icy, lower density material objects is located beyond the orbit of Neptune. This planet has tilt of 97.9 degrees and is essentially rotating on its side. This is what medium mass stars will become after blowing off their outer layers in a planetary nebula. These objects have a radius about the size of a city, spin about their axes very rapidly, and are supported by neutron pressure. These objects are defined as a singularity and can be indirectly observed by x-rays coming from their accretion disks. In a binary system, a white dwarf can accumulate enough mass to cause it to create this type of explosion. This is the name for the limit (1.44 solar masses) determining what type of an object a star will become at the end of its life. The Greeks and Babylonians One Ancient Myths 18th Century 88 Aristotle Ptolemy Eratosthenes Aristarchus Hipparchus Zenith Right Ascension Declination Ecliptic Azimuth Waxing Solar Umbra 30 Earth Diameters Synodic 1 AU Core Main Sequence Photosphere Proton-Proton Chain Absolute Gravity Doppler Shift Charged Coupled Devices (CCDs) Balmer Lines Nicholas Copernicus Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Red Dwarfs Brown Dwarfs O-type Type II Supernova Stellar Evolution Law #2 Spiral 100 billion 8.5 kpc Harlow Shapley Population II 14 billion years 30 percent Isotropy Homogeneity Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Terrestrial Jovian Oort Cloud Kuiper Belt Uranus White Dwarfs Black Holes Neutron Stars Type I Supernova Chandrasekhar’s Limit