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Chapter 11 Europe in Transition Lesson 1 The Geography of Europe Eurasia Temperate Climate Fjords Navigable Rivers Seine and Thames River Forests in Europe After Acid Rain Vocabulary • Deforestation-the process of clearing the land of forests, often to make space for farms and cities • Fjord- a long, narrow inlet of the sea between high cliffs • Navigable-able to be traveled by boats or ships • Temperate-mild; moderate Lesson 2 Birth of the Middle Ages • Between 500 and 1400, or Rome and Renaissance. • Franks took over Gaul. • Visigoths settled Spain, but were defeated by Muslims in 711. • Muslims tried to get in Europe but Charles Martel rejected them in 732. • Grandson Charlemagne helped spread Christianity all over Europe as a king. Emperors & Invaders • Charlemagne was crowned emperor and protector of church in 800. • Set up school in Aachen. • Charlemagne’s grandsons split up Europe and it fell apart again. • Vikings invaded Normandy, Russia, Iceland, Greenland, North America. • Muslim pirates. • Magyars from the East. • William came from Normandy and conquered England 1066. • Made our language today. Feudalism • Kings gave land to fiefs (nobles). • Fiefs that took an oath to protect the king were called vassals (knights). • Fiefs would get serfs(slaves, peasants) to work at their manor. • You typically were born into and stayed in a certain class. • Hard life, little food, war. Knighthood and More • Knights fought and were chivalrous. Poetry, music, good manners, good Christian, defends church. • Elanor of Aquitaine helped make idea of chivalry popular with writing. Magna Carta • Vassals wrote this in 1215 and King John had all vassals sign this document. • Said he couldn’t violate rights of freemen with unfair taxes. • This came after he abused his power. • He imprisoned and taxed heavily English freemen. • Paves way for Constitution. Vocabulary • Feudalism-a system for organizing and governing society, based on land and service. • Fief- a property given to a vassal in exchange for loyalty • Vassal-noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in exchange for his loyalty • Serf-a person who was bound to work on a noble’s manor • Manor-a large self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and worked by serfs • Chivalry- the qualities of the ideal knight, including politeness, bravery, honor, and protecting the king. • Magna Carta-legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights of barons, merchants, and clergy, which limited power of the king. The Middle Ages & the Church • The Roman Church was the only Christian church at the time, and almost no one read or wrote. • Church owned most of the land and put up monasteries where monks would stay, lead monk was an abbot. • Monasteries were schools, homes, farms, etc. • Also had a scriptorium. • Copied many books. Women and Crusades • Women involved in church were nuns. • Many women became saints when they died for helping poor. • Hildegard of Bingen helped make music and a convent. • 1095 Pope Urban II wanted to take Jerusalem from Muslims. • Called Christians to fight. • Muslims, Eastern Orthodox, and Jews killed. • Reconquista began in Spain. Cathedrals, Black Death, & More • Cathedrals were made larger and more beautiful than ever before. • Goth churches had buttresses for support. • Plague hit in mid 1300s killing 25 million people. • Rats, fleas, and people. Vocabulary • Monastery- community in which monks lead lives devoted to religion • Nun-woman who devoted life to religion, often living in a convent • Saint- woman or man considered by religious group to be especially holy. • Crusades-journey and battles undertaken by European Christians from 1095-1270 to take control of the Holy Land • Reconquista- war fought from 718-1492 to take back Spain. • Cathedral-large Christian church that is the official church of the bishop • Gothic-style of architecture developed in Europe between 1100-1500. Arches, rub vaulting, and flying buttresses. • Plagues-terrible disease that spread quickly and kills many people. Lesson 4: The Renaissance • People reinterested in the arts. • Florence had many traders from Africa and Asia and became very rich. • Medici family was wealthy and began paying for arts. • Searched for Greek and Roman artifacts. • Gained new knowledge. • Petrarch wrote of how ancient cultures were better than his. • Christine de Pisan wrote, history and about personal issues. • Machiavelli gave government advice. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo The Renaissance Spreads • Erasmus of Netherlands wrote much, making fun of greedy people. • William Shakespeare, most famous of Northern Renaissance. • Van Eyck, Albert Durer, Hans Holbein all known for art. • Migeul de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote. • Portable clocks and glasses invented. • Rebirth and advancement. Vocabulary • Renaissance-period of great cultural and artistic change that began in Italy around 1350 in Europe. • Humanism- idea important to the Renaissance that focused on human values that what people can achieve in this world. • Patron- a supporter of the arts • Perspective- technique used by artists during the Renaissance that seemed to create three dimensions on the flat surface of a painting Lesson 5: The Reformation • Erasmus a chief critic of the church. • Pope Leo X needed money to complete construction of Saint Peter’s Church and sold indulgences. • Luther not happy with that and nailed 95 theses in October 31, 1517. • Started the Reformation. Call to Reform • Luther wrote in people’s language. • Pope Leo X tried to burn Luther’s writings, and maybe Luther. • Calvin agreed with reform, just not like Luther. • Henry VIII also breaks with Catholic church, because he wanted a divorce. • Created the Anglican church. Counter Reformation • Protestant churches attracted many followers. • Roman Catholics went to Trent to reform a little too. • Began following Luther’s lead a little. • Ignatius of Loyala was a soldier and became a soldier for Christ. Spread Christianity to Asia and New World. • War broke out and when all was settled more power to kings and less to church. Vocabulary • 95 theses- Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Roman Catholic church • Indulgences-Roman Catholic Church, a pardon from punishment for a sin in exchange for an offering • Reformation- movement beginning in Europe in the 1500s to bring reform to the Roman Catholic Church, and leading to Protestantism. • Protestant-Christian who belongs to one of the churches that split from the Roman Catholic Church during or after the Reformation. • Anglican church-the church of England started by King Henry VIII